Gaiman on the road to Ragnarok
Author explains why he’s reviving Norse mythology for a new generation - from big, dumb Thor to devious Loki.
The Norse myths are the myths of a chilly place, with long, long winter nights and endless summer days. They are stories of a people who did not entirely trust or even like their gods, although they respected and feared them.
My first encounter with the inhabitants of Asgard, the realm of the gods, was as a small boy, no more than seven, reading the adventures of the Mighty Thor as depicted by American comics artist Jack Kirby, in stories plotted with Stan Lee. Kirby’s Thor was powerful and good-looking, his Asgard a towering science fictional city of imposing buildings and dangerous edifices, his Odin wise and noble, his Loki a sardonic horn-helmeted creature of pure mischief.
I loved Kirby’s blond hammerwielding Thor, and I wanted to learn more about him. I borrowed from the library a copy of Myths of the Norsemen by Roger Lancelyn Green and read and reread it with delight and puzzlement: Asgard, in this telling, was no longer a Kirbyesque Future City but a Viking hall and collection of buildings out on the frozen wastes; Odin the all-father was no longer gentle, wise and irascible, but instead he was brilliant, unknowable and dangerous; Thor was just as strong as the Mighty Thor in the comics, his hammer as powerful, but he was ... well, honestly, not the brightest of the gods; and Loki was not evil, although he was certainly not a force for good. Loki was ... complicated.
In addition, I learned, the Norse gods came with their own doomsday: Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods, the end of it all. The gods were going to battle the frost giants, and they were all going to die.
Had Ragnarok happened yet? Was it still to happen? I did not know then. I am not certain now.
It was the fact that the world and the story ends, and the way that it ends and is reborn, that made the gods and the frost giants and the rest of them tragic heroes, tragic villains. While other, better documented systems of belief felt as if they were part of the past, old things, Ragnarok made the Norse world linger for me, seem strangely present.
As best we can tell, the gods of Asgard came from Germany, spread into Scandinavia, and then out into the parts of the world dominated by the Vikings - into Orkney and Scotland, Ireland and the north of England - where the invaders left places named for Thor or Odin. In English, the gods have left their names in our days of the week. You can find Odin’s one-handed son Tyr, Odin, Thor and Frigg, the queen of the gods, in, respectively, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. History and religion and myth combine, and we wonder and we imagine and we guess, like detectives reconstructing the details of a long-forgotten crime.
We can see the traces of older myths and older religions in the war and the stories of the truce between the gods of the Vanir and the Aesir. Gods of the Vanir, such as the sister and brother Freya and Frey, live in Asgard with the Aesir. The Vanir appear to have been nature gods, brothers and sisters, less warlike, but perhaps no less dangerous than the Aesir. It’s very likely that there were tribes of people who worshipped the Vanir and other tribes who worshipped the Aesir, and that the Aesir-worshippers invaded the lands of the Vanir-worshippers, and that they made compromises and accommodations.
There is so much we do not know. All we have are some myths that have come to us in the form of folktales, in retellings, in poems, in prose. They were written down when Christianity had already displaced the worship of the Norse gods, and some of the stories we have came to us because people were concerned that if the stories were not preserved, some of the kennings - the usages of poets that referred to events in specific myths - would become meaningless; Freya’s tears, for example, was a poetic way of saying ‘‘gold’’.
In some of the tales the Norse gods are described as men or as kings or heroes of old, so that the stories could be told in a Christian world. Some stories and poems tell of other stories, or imply other stories, that we simply do not have. It is, perhaps, as if the only tales of the gods and demigods of Greece and Rome that had survived were of the deeds of Theseus and Hercules. We have lost so much.
There are many Norse goddesses. We know their names and some of their attributes and powers, but the tales, myths and rituals have not come down to us. I wish I could retell the tales of Eir, because she was the doctor of the gods, of Lofn, the comforter, who was a Norse goddess of marriages, or of Sjofn, a goddess of love. Not to mention Vor, goddess of wisdom. I can imagine stories, but I cannot tell their tales. They are lost, or buried, or forgotten.
When I decided to retell these myths, I tried to imagine myself a long time ago, in the lands where these stories were first told, during the long winter nights perhaps, under the glow of the Northern Lights, or sitting outside in the small hours, awake in the unending daylight of midsummer, with an audience of people who wanted to know what else Thor did, and what the rainbow was, and how to live their lives, and where bad poetry comes from.
I did not dare go back to the tellers of Norse myth whose work I had loved, to people like Lancelyn Green and Kevin CrossleyHolland, and reread their stories. I spent my time instead with many different translations of Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, and with the verses of the Poetic Edda, words from nine hundred years ago and before, picking and choosing what tales I wanted to retell and how I wanted to tell them, blending versions of myths from the prose and from the poems. Thor’s visit to Hymir, for example, the way I tell it, is a hybrid: it begins in the Poetic Edda, then adds details of Thor’s fishing adventure from Snorri’s version.
I was surprised, when I finished the stories and read them as a sequence, to find that they felt like a journey, from the ice and the fire in which the universe begins, to the fire and the ice that end the world. Along the way, we encounter people we would know if we met them, people like Loki and Thor and Odin, and people we want to know so much more about, like Angrboda, Loki’s wife among the giants, who gives birth to his monstrous children and who is there in ghost form after Balder, Odin’s second son, is slain.
I hope I’ve retold these stories honestly, but there was still
"It was the fact that the world and the story ends, and the way that it ends and is reborn, that made the gods and the frost giants and the rest of them tragic heroes, tragic villains."
pleasure and creation in the telling. That’s the joy of myths. The fun comes in telling them yourself - something I warmly encourage you to do. Tell your friends what happened when Thor’s hammer was stolen, or how Odin obtained the mead of poetry for the gods, on some dark and icy winter’s evening, or on a summer night when the sun will not set.
- Telegraph Group