What sank this Civil War sub?
In 1864, as the US Civil War was raging, the South launched a secret weapon – a submarine. It became the first sub to destroy an enemy vessel in battle. The sub then sank with all hands lost. What happened? Sarah Kaplan reports.
Cheers erupted when the HL Hunley broke the ocean’s surface for the first time in more than a century.
Since it vanished during a 1864 naval battle, the Confederate submarine had lain on the sea floor off the coast near Charleston, South Carolina, its heavy iron hull gathering barnacles and rust.
In 2000, when the vessel was recovered, scientists and historians expected to be able to solve the mystery of why it sank.
But when they ventured inside the boat, they found not a single clue. Its 12-metre-long iron hull was barnacle-encrusted but not broken.
The skeletons of eight members of the crew were found still in their seats at their respective battle stations. Their bones bore no evidence of physical harm.
The bilge pumps hadn’t been activated. The air hatches were closed. There was no sign that anyone had tried to escape.
‘‘There was nothing on the boat that could explain the deaths,’’ said Rachel Lance, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina.
In a paper published this week in the journal PLOS ONE, Lance and her colleagues report it was something in the water that led to the submarine’s demise, something the crew had put there themselves. They were killed by their own weapon.
Lance figured this out without experience in archaeology or access to the sub itself. In fact, the majority of her research was conducted in a pond. Here’s how she did it.
First, some the history of the Hunley. It was meant to be the Confederacy’s secret weapon. Although boats capable of operating underwater had been built before the American Civil War, none had been successfully deployed against an enemy ship.
On February 17, 1864, the sleek iron vessel slid unnoticed into Charleston Harbour, which was blockaded by the US ship Housatonic.
The Hunley carried a torpedo but it had no propulsion. Instead, it was mounted on a spar. The crew has to jam the explosive into the hull of the Housatonic and then back off and trigger the black powder.
The Housatonic sank. And then, seemingly for no reason, the Hunley did as well.
A few years ago, the mystery fell into Lance’s lap. She specialises in trauma related to underwater blasts, and at that time she was a researcher for the US Navy working on her PhD at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
One of her professors wanted to know if she could apply her work to the Hunley case.
‘‘Hollywood does a really poor job of showing what happens in an explosion,’’ Lance said. ‘‘People aren’t thrown that often.’’
Instead, when a torpedo blows something up underwater, it creatures pressure waves that reverberate in the water and through the body of anyone who happens to be in it.
The instantaneous increase in pressure can squeeze oxygen out of the lungs and pop blood vessels in the brain. The effects are often deadly.
But the damage occurs exclusively in a victim’s soft tissue, like the gut, lungs and brain. From the outside, it can be impossible to tell that the person has been harmed.
Lance has studied thousands of blast trauma deaths of World War II sailors who were killed by explosions that caught them in the water during the Battle of Midway.
She has also advised the US Navy on the safe distance for divers trying to disarm unexploded ordinance at the bottom of the sea.
As soon as she read the description of the remains of Hunley’s crew, ‘‘we realised that what the archaeologists had uncovered were patterns of trauma that looked exactly like blast injures,’’ she said.
But where did the pressure waves to cause that trauma come from? The most likely answer was the Hunley itself – or rather, the torpedo that the Hunley used to sink the Housatonic.
Lance and her colleagues constructed a 1.8m scale model of the Hunley out of historically accurate sheets of iron, and dubbed the vessel CSS Tiny.
They placed it in a pond on Duke’s campus, then pumped a puff of compressed gas into the water near the little ship to replicate the effects of a bomb exploding.
Sensors located on the surface of the Tiny indicated that the waves hit the underside of the hull and were deflected, setting off a secondary pressure wave that bounced around the vessel’s interior.
Next they replicated the experiment using real blasts of black powder – the world’s most ancient explosive, which was the active ingredient in the Hunley’s torpedo.
This phase was conducted in an off-campus pond, where it wouldn’t harm any hapless undergrads.
But it gave the same results: The pressure along the Hunley’s keel was about the equivalent of being beneath 730m of water.
Inside the ship, the pressure was likely similar to diving 19.5m below the surface.
That may not sound like much, but remember that this increase happened almost instantaneously.
‘‘It is the rapid rate of increase that causes the trauma,’’ Lance said. She and her colleagues calculated there was an 85 per cent chance that the crew of the Hunley died of pulmonary problems caused by this dramatic wave of pressure.
They could have died before they knew what was happening.
Robert Salzar, a blast injury biomechanics specialist at the University of Virginia, told Nature that blast trauma is usually not instantly deadly. Instead, he suggested, the pressure waves may have killed the crew indirectly by knocking them out and causing the Hunley, with no one conscious to steer it, to sink.
The absence of an autopsy makes it impossible to know for sure, Lance said, but this is the first theory that accounts for all the odd clues archaeologists uncovered. In Lance’s mind, at least, ‘‘I think the mystery is solved’’. – Washington Post