‘Invisible oil’ worsens Deepwater Horizon spill, study shows 10 years on
The spread of oil from the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico was far worse than the current estimate, new research has found.
As the worst offshore oil spill in US history approaches its 10th anniversary in April, a study by University of Miami researchers shows that a significant amount of oil slipped past fishery closures designed to capture it as well as satellite imagery used to detect it near the Texas shore, west Florida shore and the loop current that carries Gulf water around that state’s southern tip up toward Miami.
In their study, published on Thursday in the two researchers dubbed it ‘‘invisible oil,’’ concentrated below the water’s surface and toxic enough to destroy 50 per cent of the marine life it encountered.
Current estimates show the 210 million gallons of oil released by the damaged BP Deepwater Horizon Macondo well spread out over the equivalent of 145,000km.
According to the study, the oil’s reach was 30 per cent larger than that estimate. ‘‘Oil in these concentrations for surface water extended beyond the satellite footprint and fishery closures, potentially exterminating a vast amount of planktonic marine organisms across the domain,’’ the study says. The findings show that the government’s understanding of how oil flowed from Deepwater Horizon is limited and that it underestimated the extent to which marine life was killed or poisoned by toxic crude.
The study comes as the Trump administration is preparing to finalise a sweeping proposal that would allow the oil and gas industry to buy leases in every part of the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, in addition to a leasing expansion in the Gulf.
The administration’s bid to issue permits to several companies to map the Atlantic sea floor to search for oil and gas deposits has been stalled for more than a year by a federal court challenge. In addition to the largest expansion of lease permits in American history, the administration has rolled back oil platform safety regulations meant to protect workers and avoid another event such as the fatal Deepwater Horizon explosion.
That April 20, 2010 catastrophe was triggered by a blast that killed 11 workers and sank the oil platform. Thick, toxic oil billowed from a damaged well for five months off the Louisiana coast before workers finally managed to seal it. Spreading with squid-like tentacles, it reached Texas, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.
In a massive spill response, federal workers, contractors and volunteers sought to detect it, contain it and use chemicals to disperse it. Yet large amounts of oil reached beyond the containment effort and were never fully accounted for until now, the study says.
Claire B. Paris-Limouzy, a professor of ocean sciences at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School and the study’s senior author, said a model she started developing during the Deepwater Horizon blowout provided a fuller picture of the oil’s footprint than the two-dimensional satellite imagery provided by the
National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service.
It allowed researchers to trace Deepwater Horizon’s oil from its source, show how it was manipulated by wave action, how it mixed with ocean plumes and how it sank and rose to and from the ocean floor. Between June 28 and
July 1, 2010, slightly more than two months after the disaster started, Hurricane Alex swept through the Gulf with powerful southeasterly winds ‘‘enhancing and mixing and bleaching the Deepwater Horizon oil,’’ the study said. The model tracked it all.
Paris-Limouzy’s co-author, Igal
Study co-author
Berenshtein, a post doctoral associate at U-M Rosentiel, said he immediately noticed a discrepancy between the model’s footprint and the satellite’s.
‘‘That is what kicked off our study,’’ Berenshtein said. ‘‘The extent was larger than the satellite footprint and the fishery closures’’ areas that federal marine scientists designated as contaminated zones. ‘‘One of them must be wrong, right? There was strong support that the footprint extended beyond the satellite data and the closures.’’
Oil in smaller and lighter concentrations that the satellite could not detect reached larger areas of the West Florida Shelf around Tampa than previously known. It also extended beyond Naples and curled around Florida’s southern tip. Farther west, it reached an area known as the Texas Shores.
Although the oil was lighter in concentration than oil on the surface, it was extremely toxic, Berenshtein said. ‘‘Basically, when you have oil combined with ultraviolet sunlight it becomes two times more toxic than oil alone. Oil becomes toxic at very low concentrations.’’
Berenshtein said he was startled by the model’s results.
‘‘I think it kind of changes the way you think about oil spills,’’ he said. ‘‘I didn’t think this way before I did this study. I assumed that the satellite image captures the oil spill and that’s it. People have to change the way they see this so that they know there’s this invisible and toxic component of oil that changes marine life.’’
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill ‘‘was no regular oil spill,’’ ParisLimouzy said, and cannot be examined simply with satellite images.
‘‘It happened in the deep ocean. Between the deep sea floor and the surface is a lot of water.’’
Oil in that water is tossed by hurricanes, tropical storms and natural wave action, among other things, far from the surface.
‘‘If you want to respond to this kind of spill, you have to know where the entire mass is, the amount of oil that came out of the well, and know that the footprint is not only on the surface, but in three dimensions,’’ including under the surface, she said.
‘‘Basically, when you have oil combined with ultraviolet sunlight it becomes two times more toxic than oil alone. Oil becomes toxic at very low concentrations.’’
Igal Berenshtein