Most cysts are not dangerous
cysts tend to occur in younger women, and can grow to more than 15cm in size. They develop from the cells in the ovary that make eggs, and because of this, they can contain all sorts of odd tissue within them, including hair, bone, teeth or fatty tissue.
Cystadenomas – these cysts develop from the outer layer of the ovary, and can be attached to the ovary itself via a stalk. They can grow very large, and are filled with fluid. Very occasionally they can be cancerous.
Endometriomas – these ‘‘chocolate cysts’’ are associated with endometriosis, and are filled with blood. They are benign, and tend to cause cyclical pain, flaring up when the symptoms of endometriosis are worse.
Polycystic ovary syndrome – known as PCOS, this condition is caused by a hormone imbalance. It leads to multiple small cysts developing in the ovaries, which will often cause no symptoms at all other than irregular or infrequent periods. The hormone imbalance can lead to skin problems, unwanted hair growth and weight gain. The best treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome is a particular type of contraceptive pill, which balances out the hormones and treats the symptoms effectively.
Ovarian cysts can cause symptoms, the most common of which is pain. The pain is usually felt in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, and can be constant or intermittent. It might be exacerbated by sex. If a cyst bursts or twists round on itself, the pain can be very sudden and severe. Other symptoms can include irregular or abnormal periods, a swollen bloated abdomen, or bladder and bowel symptoms if the cyst is pressing on your internal organs. If the cyst is producing hormones it can lead to unusual symptoms, such as those experienced in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Kathryn, treatment for your daughter will depend entirely on what type of cyst she has, and what symptoms she is experiencing. Her doctor may suggest a ‘‘wait and see’’ approach if the cyst is simple and likely to go away on its own. If it doesn’t resolve they will organise an ultrasound scan in eight to 12 weeks time to reassess it. If the cyst is more complex, or causing significant pain or distress, it may need to be removed. This is done by a gynaecologist.
I hope this is helpful. For more information, visit familydoctor.co.nz. ❚ Dr Cathy Stephenson is a GP and forensic medical examiner.