Why obsessive K-pop fans are turning toward political activism
In certain corners of the internet, the organising prowess of K-pop fans — the typically young and diverse international enthusiasts of Korean pop music who congregate daily on social media — has long been the stuff of legend: Through co-ordinated group action, so-called fan armies of acts such as BTS and Blackpink make sure that their favourite idols are trending topics who lead the music charts and sell out stadiums from South Korea to the Rose Bowl in Los Angeles and Citi Field in New York.
Now, amid a pandemic, a coming presidential election and inescapable conversations about race, this loose collective of digital warriors is trying to exert its influence in a new realm: the American political arena.
Spurred at first by the ongoing Black Lives Matter protests around the world, K-pop stans made themselves known beyond music circles last weekend, when some took credit for helping to inflate expectations for President Donald Trump’s rally in Oklahoma by reserving tickets they had no plans to use. But while the Trump campaign has denied that the pointed prank affected rally attendance, blaming protesters and the news media instead, the call to action in K-pop circles revealed a growing realisation that fans’ efficient social-media tactics for fundraising or making a song go viral can also be used for political activism.
In recent weeks, K-pop devotees — who use Twitter as a home base but proliferate across TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and other platforms — have spammed a birthday card for Trump, disrupted a Dallas police app seeking intelligence on protesters and flooded would-be white-supremacist hashtags, while also announcing that they had matched a US$1 million ($1.5m) donation from BTS for Black Lives Matter groups. And in keeping with the growing popularity of K-pop in the United States, many of these budding digital activists may also be US citizens, according to experts.
“The English-speaking K-pop fans who are getting involved in this, who are up on these issues, these are not foreigners,” said CedarBough Saeji, an academic who studies K-pop fan culture.
“These are Americans. That these young, socially progressive, outwardlooking people who are really adept at using these online platforms — who are stuck at home and online even more because of Covid-19 — that these people are doing political things is not surprising,” added Saeji, a visiting assistant professor of East Asian culture at Indiana University Bloomington.
“These are young people who are completely willing to learn about a new culture to follow their interest in some pop-culture product. These are exactly the kind of people who are the opposite of the Trump audience that claps when he disses Parasite and says that Gone With the Wind is a real movie.”
In the days since Trump’s rally in Tulsa, no evidence has emerged that South Korean fans of K-pop were involved in any significant way in the “no-show” campaign. South Korean news media instead relayed American reports from Tulsa, treating the episode mainly as a gag by teenage fans of K-pop and TikTok users in the US.
But while K-pop culture in South
Korea is a largely apolitical mainstream concern, leaving fan armies to focus on boosting album sales and propping up their idols, the community’s position as a subculture in the US may lend itself to more radical gestures, especially at a time of increased political polarisation.
“Although K-pop’s message is not necessarily political in an overt sense, they are often about empowerment and self-confidence,” said the author of the “Ask a Korean!” blog, who uses the pen name T K Park. “Lots of firsttime K-pop fans, for example, got into BTS because the group’s message of ‘love yourself ’ strongly resonated with them.” And because such content had attracted an audience made up largely of women and people of colour, Park added, “this message pushes them to be more expressive with every aspect of their lives, including politics.”
They had also already honed the necessary skills. “K-pop fans learned how to organise through their fandom,” Park said. “K-pop is a digital-native music,” he added, and South Korea’s early adoption of nationwide broadband service “made Korean pop music respond to the demands of the internet, and also made K-pop’s fandom the most sophisticated actors in the digital sphere.”
The English-speaking K-pop fans who are getting involved in this . . . these are not foreigners. These are Americans. CedarBough Saeji, academic
He pointed to the near-constant campaigns to flood radio stations with song requests or sell out concert tickets in a matter of minutes as a training ground: “All of these activities can be translated into politics very easily.”
A spokeswoman for Twitter said that K-pop was the most tweetedabout music genre worldwide, with more than 6.1 billion tweets in 2019, an increase of 15 per cent from the year before. BTS was the most tweeted-about artist for the past three years, the company added. TikTok and Facebook declined to provide data.
The recent turn toward political activism in the US also followed a concerted effort by K-pop fans in recent years to make positive change en masse, in part as a reaction to the groups’ reputations as superficial, silly and even menacing mobs. Like the most fervent fan bases of American pop stars — including Justin Bieber’s Beliebers, Beyonc’s BeyHive or Nicki Minaj’s Barbz, known collectively as “stans” after the Eminem song about an obsessive stalker — K-pop followers have been accused of harassment for piling onto critics or rivals. In South Korea, they have also been viewed as overly fawning, and even cultlike, banding together, for instance, to buy presents such as luxury watches for famous singers. But these days, philanthropic donations to uncontroversial causes such as the poor, the old or the terminally ill — often in made in the name of chosen artists — are more common. “This was a way to remake fandom in the eyes of the public,” Saeji said.
Black Lives Matter in particular may have represented an urgent cause to K-pop fans given the artists’ debt to hip-hop culture and black music, with groups such as BTS having been accused in the past of cultural appropriation.
“Artists, directors, writers, dancers, designers, producers, stylists in the K-pop industry are all inspired by black culture whether they acknowledge it or not,” South Korean singer and rapper C L wrote recently on Instagram.