On this day

1229

1332

1478

1745

1781

1861

1873

1878

1885

1900

1911

1913

1930

– The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.

– Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.

– George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.

– The city of Surakarta, Central Java is founded on the banks of Bengawan Solo River, and becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Surakarta.

– Fourth AngloDutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana).

– In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.

– Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.

– John Tunstall is murdered by outlaw Jesse Evans, sparking the Lincoln County War in Lincoln County, New Mexico.

– The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is published in the United States.

– Second Boer War: Imperial forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life on Bloody Sunday, the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg.

– The first official flight with air mail takes place from Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (now India), when Henri Pequet, a 23-year-old pilot, delivers 6,500 letters to Naini, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away.

– Pedro Lascuráin becomes President of Mexico for 45 minutes; this is the shortest term to date of any person as president of any country.

– Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft and also the first cow to be milked in an aircraft. 1932 – The Empire of Japan declares Manzhouguo (the obsolete Chinese name for Manchuria) independent from the Republic of China.