Yadda Sin Ta Kuɓuta D
A shekarar 1984, lokacin da Deng Xiaoping ya gana da baƙi daga ƙasashen waje, ya ce, “Dole ne tsarin zamantakewa ya kawar da talauci, kuma talauci ba al’ada ba ne.” A shekarar 1978, ƙasar Sin ta kasance ƙasa da take cikin matsanancin talauci, yayin da ta zama ƙasa mafi yawan matalauta a duniya.
A cikin shekaru 45 da suka gabata na yin gyare-gyare da bude ƙofa ga waje, ƙasar Sin ta kuɓuta daga “tarkon talauci” kuma ta kai matakin samun bunƙasuwar tattalin arziki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi. Dangane da ma’aunin talauci na ƙasa da ƙasa na Bankin Duniya, wato ma’aunin ikon kashe kuɗi na dalar Amurka 1.9 ga mutum ɗaya a kowace rana, girman talaucin ƙasar Sin ya kai kashi 84 cikin 100 a shekarar 1981, inda mutane kusan miliyan 840 ke rayuwa ƙasa da wannan ma’aunin talauci.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan talaucin ƙasar Sin ya ragu zuwa kashi 0.7 cikin dari. Bugu da kari, ya kamata a lura da cewa, yawan yankunan karkara na ƙasar Sin ya ragu daga kashi 97.5 cikin dari a shekarar 1978 zuwa kashi 3.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2017, bisa tsarin ma’aunin talauci na ƙasa na shekarar 2010, yana nuni da cewa, ƙasar Sin ta yi nasarar ƙirƙiro wani abu na musamman wato “mu’ujizar rage talauci” a tarihin ci gaban duniya a cikin shekaru arba’in da suka gabata.
Dalilai kai tsaye da darussa masu daraja za a iya taƙaita su cikin abubuwa guda uku wadanda suka kunshi.
Na farko, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam’iyyar kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin, ƙasar ta tsaya kan tafarkin ci gaba wanda ya sanya ginin tattalin arziki a gaba tun daga shekarar 1978, kuma sannu a hankali ta kafa tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwar gurguzu bisa yanayin ƙasa da tafarkin ci gaba. Kuma ta samar da damammaki na tattalin arziki ga jama’a.
A tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 2017, yawan kuɗin shiga da kowane Basine ya ƙaru da kusan sau 24, wanda ya zama nasarar rage yawan talauci. A cikin wannan halin kuma, yawan al’ummar birane ya ƙaru daga kashi 17.9 a shekarar 1978 zuwa kashi 58.5 a shekarar 2017, sannan yawan jama’ar birane ya ƙaru da miliyan 640, kwatankwacin raguwar yawan talakawan karkara da miliyan 740.
Na biyu, kiyaye ƙa’idar ci gaban jama’a tare da aiwatar da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewar jama’a sun ƙara haɓaka ilimi da kiwon lafiya sosai.
Bisa ƙididdigar ci gaban bil Adama (HDI) ta UNDP, ƙasar Sin tana cikin rukunin HDI mafi ƙarancin shekaru kafin shekarar 2000, amma ta zama babbar ƙasa ta HDI tun daga shekarar 2011 tare da samun gagarumar nasara a fannin ilimi da kiwon lafiya.
Dangane da ci gaban ilimi kuma, baya ga gudunmawar ilimin firamare, makarantu na gaba da firamare su ma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Misali, adadin yawan masu shiga makarantu na gaba da firamare ya ƙaru daga kashi 3.4 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 45.7 a shekarar 2017, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin ƙasashe masu matsakaicin matsayi. Dangane da ci gaban kiwon lafiya, tsawon rayuwar kowane mutum ya tashi daga shekaru 67.8 a 1982 zuwa shekaru 76.7 a cikin 2017, ƙaruwar shekaru 10, kuma manyan alamomin kiwon lafiya sun zarta matsakaicin matsayi na ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Ci gaban ilimi da kiwon lafiya ba wai kawai ya haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da jari ga ɗan adam ba, har ma ya zama muhimmin ƙarfin rage talauci.
Na uku, ƙasar Sin ta ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun rage talauci na ƙasa daban-daban a lokutan raya ƙasa.
A hankali wadannan dabaru sun samar da cikakken tsarin manufofin rage raɗaɗin talauci, da tinkarar ƙananan hukumomin dake fama da talauci zuwa ƙauyukan dake fama da talauci, ɗaukar matakan kawar da fatara da aka yi niyya ga iyalai masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, gina tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa da faɗaɗa ayyukan gwamnati ga iyalai masu fama da talauci, da haɗa kai da ɗaukacin jama’a don shiga cikin shirin na rage talauci.
Shugaba Xi Jinping ya gabatar da ra’ayin “Ainihin Rage Talauci” a shekarar 2013, inda a karkashinsa aka rage yawan matalauta a karkara da sama da miliyan 60 daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2017.
Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Antonio Guterres ya yi magana sosai game da ra’ayin, “Ainihin rage talauci ita ce hanya daya tilo da za a taimaka wa matalauta da kuma cimma buri na ajandar ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta 2030”. Godiya ga wannan shiri na ƙasar Sin, MDD ta tsara shirin kawar da talauci ga mutane sama da miliyan 700 dake cikin matsananciyar talauci a duniya, don aiwatar da ajandar ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta shekarar 2030.
Abin al’ajabi game da nasarar rage talauci da ƙasar Sin ta yi ya nuna fifiko da tasirin hukumomin gurguzu wanda ke nuni da halayen ƙasar Sin, kuma tushensa shi ne shugabancin jam’iyyar CPC. Abin sha’awa ne a lura cewa, bayan fahimtar kawar da talauci a shekarar 2020, ƙasar Sin na ci gaba da gina al’umma mai wadata tare da raba kwarewarta ga sauran ƙasashen duniya.
Bisa muhimmin manufarta na hidima ga zuciya da ruhin jama’a, jam’iyyar kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin (CPC) ta himmatu da jagorantar al’ummar ƙasar wajen gina al’umma mai matsakaicin ci gaba daga dukkan fannoni, kuma ta taimaka mata wajen samun sakamako masu ban mamaki wajen rage talauci. Shugaban ƙasar Sin Xi Jinping ya bayyana cewa, “ganin cewa matalauta da marasa galihu za su shiga cikin al’umma mai matsakaicin wadata tare da sauran jama’ar ƙasar, wani babban alkawari ne da jam’iyyarmu ta yi.”
A shekarar 1982, ƙasar Sin ta ƙaddamar da manyan shiryeshiryen yaƙi da fatara. Daga watan Maris na shekarar 1982 zuwa watan Mayu na shekarar 1985, saurayi Xi ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na reshen JKS na gundumar Zhengding ta lardin Hebei, sa’an nan kuma ya zama sakataren reshen kwamitin JKS na yankin Ningde dake lardin Fujian. Daga baya, an nada shi sakataren kwamitin JKS na lardin Zhengding dake gabashin kasar Sin. A lokacin da yake aiki a yankin Ningde na lardin Fujian, ya rubuta wasu bayanai da jawabai game da batun kawar da talauci. Bayan ya bar yankin Ningde ya koma birnin Fuzhou, an wallafa wasu daga cikin jawabansa da labaransa na wannan zamani a cikin littafinsa mai suna “Up and Out of Poverty.” Wato “Gwagwarmayar Yaki Da Talauci”.
Kamar yadda Xi ya rubuta: “Na yi aiki tuƙuru a cikin shekaru na biyu a lardin Ningde, tare da jama’a da ‘yan jam’iyyar dake wurin. A ko yaushe ina jin rashin kwanciyar hankali, kawar da talauci wani gagarumin aiki ne dake buƙatar ƙoƙarin al’ummomi na zamani daban-daban.”
Daga nan ne ya gabatar da burinsa na rage fatara da talauci zuwa ga tsakiyar rayuwar siyasar kasar Sin.
Adadin matalautan da gwamnatin ƙasar Sin ta amince da su ya kai miliyan 99.89 a ƙarshen shekarar 2012 – sama da yawan jama’ar yawancin ƙasashe.
A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, yayin rangadin da ya kai lardin Hunan, shugaba Xi ya fara gabatar da manufar “kawar da talauci da aka yi niyya. Ka’idar daidaita manufofin ba da agaji ga mabanbantar yanayin buƙatu na jama’a ya zama jigo a yankunan da ke fama fatara a ƙasar Sin.”
A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2015, yayin taron koli kan yaƙi da fatara da ci gaba, Xi ya ƙara da cewa, ya kamata a mai da hankali kan batutuwa hudu, wadanda suka ƙunshi buƙatar bada taimako, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kawar da fatara, da yadda za a gudanar da aikin kawar da fatara, da kuma ƙa’idojin gudanarwa.
Don magance waɗannan batutuwa yayin aiwatar da shirin kawar da fatara da aka yi niyya, an tura kusan jami’ai 800,000 kan ayyukan agajin fatara na gaggawa, wadanda suka yi aiki a matakin ƙasa.
Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2016, akwai sama da mutane miliyan 43, wato kusan kashi 3 cikin 100 na al’ummar ƙasar Sin, suna fama da talauci. Dalilin kuwa shi ne, taimakawa sauran matalauta, waɗanda yawancinsu ke zaune a wuraren da babu hanyoyi, ruwan sha mai tsabta ko wutar lantarki, ya kasance aiki mai matukar wahala.
Xi ya ce, “kawar da talauci ya kasance yaki mai tsanani, yayin da kawar da talauci a yankuna masu fama da fatara shi ne yaki mafi tsanani.”
A shekarar 2017 ƙasar ta ware yankuna uku da larduna uku, ciki har da yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa da kuma yankin Nujiang Lisu mai cin gashin kansa na lardin Yunnan, a matsayin yankunan da suka fi fama da talauci a ƙasar. An ware ƙarin albarkatun ƙasa ga waɗannan yankuna.
Xi ya jaddada cewa, “A kan tafiya zuwa ga wadata tare, ba za a bar kowa a baya ba.”
A ƙarshen shekarar 2018, an rage yawan matalauta a ƙasar zuwa miliyan 16.6, wanda ya ɗauki yakin kawar da talauci zuwa “takun ƙarshe.” Amma har ila yau aikin kawar da fatara a ƙasar Sin yana fuskantar kalubale da dama.
Wasu ƙananan hukumomi da sassan sun yi watsi da ko kuma yin karin gishiri game da alkalumman matalauta don samun maki na siyasa.
Da yake jawabi a wajen wani taron tattaunawa kan yaƙi da fatara a watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, shugaban ƙasar Sin ya yi kira da a yi ƙoƙarin warware manyan matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen tabbatar da biyan buƙatun abinci da tufafi na mazauna yankunan karkara, tare da ba da tabbacin samun ilmi na dole,