2021 WAEC Syllabus For Biology Objective and Essay
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This is the summary of topics that is expected to be asked during the examination. A. Concept of Living 1. Classification a) Living and non-living things b) Classification of living things into Kingdoms (c) Differences between plants and animals. 2. Organization of life (a) Levels of organization (i) cell (single-celled organisms): Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium (ii) Tissue: Hydra (iii) Organ (storage organ) bulb, rhizome, and heart. (iv) System/Organ System: In mammals, flowering plants – reproductive system, excretory system, etc. (b) Complexity of organization in higher organisms: advantages and disadvantages. 3. Forms in which living cells exist: a) Single and freeliving: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, and Chlamydomonas b) Colony: Volvox c) Filament: Spirogyra d) Part of a living organism: Cheek cells, onion root tip cells, and epidermis of fleshy leaves. 4. (a) Cell structure and functions of cell components. (b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells. 5. The Cell and its environment: Physical and Biophysical processes. diffusion osmosis active transport 6. Properties and functions of the living cell (a) Nutrition (i) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) (ii) Heterotrophic (holozoic) (b) Cellular respiration Definition and processes of: (i) aerobic respiration (ii) anaerobic respiration (iii) energy release (c) Excretion (i) Excretion in single-celled aquatic organisms. Diffusion by body surface and by contractile vacuole. (ii) Waste products of metabolism. (d) Growth (i) Basis of growth – cell division (mitosis), enlargement and differentiation. (ii) Aspects of growth: Increase in dry weight, irreversible increase in size and length and increase in number of cells. (iii) Regions of fastest growth in plants. (iv) Influence of growth hormones and auxins. (v) Growth curvatures (Tropisms) Development: Enlargement and differentiation. Movement (i) Organelles for movement: cilia and flagella, (ii) Cyclosis. (g) Reproduction: Types of reproduction. (i) Asexual: fission, budding and vegetative propagation. (ii) Sexual: Conjugation, formation of male and female gametes (gametogenesis), fusion of gametes fertilization) 7. (a) Tissues and supporting systems: Skeleton and supporting systems in animals: (i) Biological significance. (ii) Skeletal materials, e.g. bone, cartilage and chitin. (iii) Types of skeleton: exoskeleton, endoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton. (iv) Bones of the vertebral column, girdles and long bones of the appendicular skeleton. (v) Mechanism of support in animals. (vi) Functions of skeleton in animals: Protection, support, locomotion and respiratory movement. (b) Different types of supporting tissues in plants. Main features of supporting tissues in plants. Functions of supporting tissues in plants: strength, rigidity (resistance against the forces of the wind and water), flexibility and resilience. 8. Transport System: (a) Need for transport: (i) surface area/volume ratio. (ii) substances have to move greater distances.
Transport in animals. Structure of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. Composition and function of blood and lymph. Materials for transport: excretory products, gases, digested food, and other nutrients. Transport in plants (i) Uptake and movement of water and mineral salts in plants. (ii) Translocation (iii) Transpiration (iv) Movement of water to the apex of trees and herbs. 9. Respiratory System: (a) Body surface: cutaneous, gills and lungs. (b) Mechanisms of gaseous exchange in fish, toad, mammals and plants. 10. Excretory Systems and Mechanisms Types of excretory systems: Kidney, stomata and lenticels 11. Regulation of Internal Environment (Homeostasis) (a) Kidney: Structure and functions (b) Liver: Functions of the liver. (c) The skin: Structure and function. 12. Hormonal Coordination (a) Animal hormones: Site of secretion, functions and effects of over and under-secretion. (b) Plant hormones 13. Nervous Coordination (a) The central nervous system (i) Components of the central nervous system (ii) Parts of the brain and their functions; cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and their functions (iii) Structure and function of the Spinal Cord. (b) Peripheral Nervous System. (i) Somatic Nervous System (ii) Autonomic nervous system. (iii) Structure and functions of the neurone. (iv) Classification of neurones. (c) Types of nervous actions (i) The reflex arc (ii) Reflex and voluntary actions (iii) Differences between reflex and voluntary actions. (iv) Conditioned reflex and its role on behaviour. 14. Sense Organs: Structure and function of the Eye. Ear. 15 (a) Reproductive system of mammals Structure and function of male and female reproductive systems. Differences between male and female reproductive organs. (iii) Structure of the gametes (sperm and ovum) (iv) Fertilization, development of the embryo and birth. (v) Birth control (b) Metamorphosis in insects, life histories of butterfly and cockroach. (c) Comparison of reproduction in fish, amphibian,