Eclipses injured their eyes, and the world never looked the same
Ayoung woman visited New York Eye & Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai Hospital shortly after the eclipse of Aug. 21, 2017. She told Dr Avnish Deobhakta, an ophthalmologist, that she had a black area in her vision and then drew a crescent shape for him on a piece of paper.
When Deobhakta examined her eyes, he was astonished. He saw a burn on her retina that was exactly the same shape. It was “almost like a branding,” he said.
She had looked at the sun during the eclipse without any protection. The burn was an image of the sun’s outer edge.
With every eclipse, ophthalmologists see patients who looked at the sun and complain afterward that their vision is distorted: They see small black spots; their eyes are watery and sensitive to light. Usually, the symptoms resolve, although it may take several weeks to a year.
But the woman’s retinal burns, which Deobhakta and colleagues described in a medical case writeup, would not heal. Her retina was permanently scarred, an example of the severity of injuries that can follow looking at an eclipse without proper precautions.
With the eclipse coming next Monday, ophthalmologists advise people to not assume that short glances at the sun are safe. Damage can occur, they say, in less than a minute.
David Calkins, director of the Vanderbilt Vision Research Center and vice chair of the Vanderbilt Eye Institute in Nashville, Tennessee, said younger people were most at risk of retinal injury, possibly because the lens of their eye is clearer than the lens in older people. He said they also may be a bit more reckless.
But age is no guarantee of safe eclipse viewing.
A study described 20 people ages 15 to 82 in England who complained of symptoms like black spots in their vision or blurry vision after an eclipse in 1999. Four said they used eclipse glasses; one said she used sunglasses. The rest looked with naked eyes.
Five had visible damage to their retinas. All but four of the 20 were better after seven months.
Not everyone is so lucky. A study published last year involved four young Irish women who looked at the sun during a religious gathering in October 2009. The women, who did not know one another, sought medical attention within a few days of looking at the sun. They complained of blind spots in the centre of their vision and said objects appeared distorted and blurred.
Investigators from Galway University Hospital followed up with the women for an average of more than five years. One was followed for 11 years. Years later, the researchers reported, all of the women still had the blind spots.
For Deobhakta, the situation with the woman in 2017 is a cautionary tale.
While she did put on protective glasses for part of her viewing of the eclipse, she at first looked at it several times for about six seconds each time without protection.
She felt fine for four hours. Then her symptoms emerged: blurred vision, distorted shapes and colours, and that crescent-shaped black spot in the centre of her vision with her left eye.
Most people look at an eclipse through special eclipse glasses. Often the glasses have a cardboard body with special film in the eyeholes that filters out harmful rays.
Deobhakta said he did not trust many of the eclipse glasses being sold and felt it was not worth taking a chance on them. He prefers an indirect method that involves using pinholes, like in a colander, to cast the sun’s shadow on the ground.
Professional groups say many eclipse glasses are safe but urge caution when buying them. The American Astronomical Society reported that potentially unsafe eclipse glasses flooded the market before the 2017 eclipse. To help people find eclipse glasses, the astronomical society lists reliable sellers and distributors.
Legitimate eclipse glasses must meet specific international safety standards known as ISO 12312-2. Testing measures how much ultraviolet, visible and infrared light gets through.
MOST PEOPLE LOOK AT AN ECLIPSE THROUGH SPECIAL ECLIPSE GLASSES. OFTEN THE GLASSES HAVE A CARDBOARD BODY WITH SPECIAL FILM IN THE EYEHOLES THAT FILTERS OUT HARMFUL RAYS. BUT EYE SPECIALISTS ARE DOUBTFUL.