'Bad bank' to clean up India's $27bn debt mountain
With more than 150,000 branches loaded with $2tn (£1.46tn) worth of deposits and serving over a billion customers, India's banks look impressive on paper. In reality, they are in a mess.
A clutch of banks is saddled with tens of billions of dollars of bad loans after years of injudicious lending to dud projects. State-owned banks account for more than 60% of the sour debt. Five banks have been rescued from collapse since 2018.
Bad loan recoveries have traditionally been low - up to a third of total loans - and have only improved a bit (4045%) after a 2016 bankruptcy law which allows for liquidation of assets. And now borrowers hit by the pandemic could further default and add to the soaring debt in the coming months.
The bailouts - more than $35bn of taxpayers' money was injected to revive ailing banks between 2005 and 2009 alone - haven't helped much. In July last year, Fitch Ratings said India's struggling banks would need between $15bn$58bn in infusion of fresh funds by 2022.
Now the government plans to float a long talkedabout "bad bank" which will try to tame $27bn of bad loans and clean up the balance sheets of commercial banks. This would still be a quarter of India's estimated $100bn of bad loans on the books of commercial banks. The resultant squeeze on credit has not only hobbled banking but undermined growth: private investments have nosedived as riskaverse banks are unwilling to lend freely.
This picture taken on September 1, 2017 shows under construction residential buildings by Jaypee group in Noida, a suburb of New Delhi. Hundreds of homebuyers on September 3, petitioned India's top court to challenge the country's insolvency law, their lawyer said, amid fears that bad loan problems are spilling over to hurt ordinary people.
A "bad bank" - also described as an asset reconstruction company - typically buys bad loans from affected banks at an agreed price. Then it liquidates or sells assets that borrowers have offered as securities against loans. The proceeds from the sales help the banks recoup some of the money they had lent to companies.
This is not the first time India has faced a bad loan crisis or launched a "bad bank". In fact, there have been 28 such firms, all privately owned, in the past two decades, but recoveries have been underwhelming.
This time, the government has formed two companies - one which will acquire the bad loans and will be state owned; and the other, partly privately owned, will try to sell the assets.
The government will pay the difference between the expected value of assets by the commercial bank and what the "bad bank" will be able to raise from the asset sales. "Say there are 20 lenders in one company.
All of them have to agree on many things. How much are the loans worth today? How much are the assets of the borrowers worth? Convincing a bank to sell loans at a loss is a challenge," says Anil Gupta, vice-president of financial sector ratings at ICRA, an investment and credit rating agency.
"Banks are usually skilled in lending but not recovery and resolution of bad loans." Here, the second company will come into play. It will bid for the assets of ailing and defunct companies: mainly land, plant and machinery, and some of it at scrap value.