The anatomy of terrorist financing

acts possible.

- ken down into two distinct types of refers to the early stage of gathering large proportions of funds, refers to the approach that uses support a terrorist.

The Marawi siege falls under with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ( ISIS) channelling huge amounts of funding to support

Oil wells, fields

ISIS revenue comes primarily from the sale of illicit oil, from the deep pockets of a small number of major donors, and from a wide array of criminal enterprises.

- ment placed ISIS’ daily income at

ISIS helped supply and maintain equipment, provide salaries for fighters, manage civilian infrastructure and administration, and expand its propaganda campaign.

oil field. ISIS was believed to black market.

Kidnapping and other crimes

Terrorists engage in crimes such as kidnapping, robbery and extortion because these require force, but limited skills. Terrorists are continuing to diversify into illicit activity as a means to increase the

- turned to abductions of foreign tugboat crewmen as military offensives restricted the militants’ mobility.

the bulk was paid in exchange for the releases of 14 Indonesian and 4 Malaysian crewmen who had bases in Sulu province.

Marites Flor, a Filipino woman two Canadians and a Norwegian from Samal Island.

Narco-politics

was recovered in the house of former Marawi mayor Omar Solitario crisis in the city and illegal drugs.

clearing operations in battle that the house was used by the Maute terrorists as a safe house.

arrest order issued by the Defense department after President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law also one of the politicians accused by Duterte of having ties with the illegal drugs trade.

a former mayor of Marawi, was charged with rebellion for allegedly supporting the Maute terrorists that occupied Marawi City. President Duterte has repeatedly claimed that money from illegal drugs funded the terrorist activity in Mindanao.

Duterte, Lanao del Sur narcopoliticians operated the illegal drug trade in the entire Mindanao.

Anonymous mobile payments

- tion use smartphones. Smartphones have internet connectivity, making half the world at risk of cybercrime. - action money to and from bank accounts of smartphone users are processed through smartphones and related banking apps.

Data Corp., the Philippines is the fastest-growing market for smart

- ing Philippine population are using smartphones, and about

Given the lack of an existing the Philippines, the acceptance rates for mobile payment and mobile banking solutions have been high. The use of mobile payments is also of the mobile payment process.

Payment processes where the user is anonymous rely less heavily on security and authentication than on the user’s account being tied to mobile payment counterparts. This anonymity makes the system vulnerable to exploitation

Local telecommunication companies should thus provide information on the location and potentially even the identity of a person using mobile payments to fund individuals linked to terrorism or terrorist groups.

Experts say the threat of mobile payment systems being used by terrorist groups within the Philippines is rooted in the absence of a national ID system. Currently, all telecom companies accept any one valid ID for registration purposes.

Regulatory structures set up by the National Telecommunications Commission and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas are also considered generally weak.

Contact the authors: drei. toledo@manilatimes.net and mimi. fabe@manilatimes.net