Islamists lure teens with cash, paradise
When he saw his commander holding the severed head of a neighbor, teenage Islamist fighter Jalil knew it was time to escape from Marawi City. Jalil is one of hundreds of Muslim youths lured by Islamic State (IS) followers in Mindanao, a poor island that governments in Southeast Asia fear could become a regional stronghold for IS.
MARAWI CITY— When he saw his commander holding the severed head of one of his neighbors, teenage Islamist fighter Jalil knew it was time to escape from Marawi City.
Churches and homes had been ransacked, people had been shot or taken hostage, and now government troops, planes and helicopters were pounding the Islamic State (IS) loyalists who had taken over large parts of the city.
Six days into the occupation that began on May 23, 17year-old Jalil said he came across a crowd of fellow fighters led by terrorist chief Abdullah Maute, including a boy who looked about 10.
They were cheering the beheading of a Christian from Jalil’s neighborhood who was accused of being a spy.
“Abdullah Maute was holding a man’s head, he was shouting ‘Allahu akbar’ ( God is great),” said Jalil, who spoke on condition his identity was not disclosed to protect him from reprisals.
“They chanted with him. At that point, I realized I had to get away. I wanted no part in this,” Jalil said.
Jalil’s story could not be independently verified. Authorities have placed him in protective custody and say he has helped identify militants fighting in Marawi.
IS propaganda
Jalil is one of hundreds of Muslim youths lured by IS followers in Mindanao, a povertyplagued southern island of the Philippines that governments in Southeast Asia fear could become a regional stronghold for the ultraradical group as it loses territory in Syria and Iraq.
Rommel Banlaoi, executive director of the Philippine Institute for Peace, Violence and Terrorism Research (PIPVTR), says foreign recruiters have been active in Mindanao for years but IS’s powerful propaganda and the rise of the local Maute clan of terrorists have brought a surge in followers.
“The recruitment is now happening very, very rapidly,” said Banlaoi, who monitors mobilization in Mindanao via informants and police interrogation reports of militants.
“They’re very sophisticated. They are serious community organizers and serious recruiters,” he added.
Schools, madrassas (Islamic schools) and even day-care centers with extremist leanings have been identified as recruiting grounds.
Authorities are working with religious teachers to keep radical ideas out of mosques and off curriculums, according to Col. Romeo Brawner, spokesperson for the Philippine Army.
But provincial leaders and some military officers say the efforts are weak, partly because militants have plenty of money to reel youths into their ranks.
‘Back in service’
Jalil said his involvement began when he was 11 at a mosque in Piagapo, a rustic municipality 20 kilometers from Marawi, where an imam convinced him to join 40 youngsters at a training camp in return for meals and P15,000 a month.
He underwent daily weapons and combat training, and teachings from the Quran.
He was expelled from the program after only three months, he said, when he disclosed details about his network during a mock interrogation.
Jalil heard nothing from his recruiters for six years, but the day before the Marawi siege began, there was a knock at his door.
Outside was a teenager, and behind him a pickup truck with 10 other youngsters on board.
“I knew them, they were my classmates in training,” he said. “They told me, ‘You’re now back in service.’”
Training ground
The ubiquitous villages with tattered mosques, wooden homes and dirt-track roads carved into the jungles and mountains of Mindanao are fertile ground for recruiting unschooled youngsters and turning them into militants in camps far off the radar.
The Army discovered one such training ground in Piagapo, after a three-day battle that killed 36 Maute fighters, among them foreigners and an imam. That was one month before the Marawi siege.
Reuters spoke to two teenagers from that camp, who said they were lured by promises of money, marriage and paradise after death.
They spoke on condition their full identities be withheld because authorities were not aware of their involvement, which they said ceased when the imam was killed.
Their accounts could not be independently verified.
“We were trained how to evade checkpoints. We were trained how to ambush, to move silently,” said 18-year-old Abdul, who described how he and others learned to field-strip rifles, make bombs and engage in hand-to-hand combat.
Quran classes
Faisal, 19, said the imam held Quran classes in small jungle huts, while foreigners, whose nationalities he did not know, trained them to fight nonbelievers.
“The imam told us we would be rewarded with marriage to any beautiful girl we want,” he said.
The government says poor and uneducated males like Abdul and Faisal are easy prey in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), which comprises five of Mindanao’s 27 provinces.
In 2015-2016, the ARMMhad the lowest secondary-school enrollment and the highest dropout rate, according to the education ministry, with just 32.4 percent of ARMM youth in school compared to the national average of 68 percent.
Online profiling
Nearly half of ARMM families live in poverty, under the government’s monthly income threshold of P9,064, according to official data, compared with the national average of 16.5 percent.
In Lanao del Sur, where Marawi is located, 66.3 percent of families live in poverty.
But not all targets are poor, rural and uneducated.
Urban youth and students are also on the radar of recruiters who have infiltrated schools and universities and mastered social media, both to spread propaganda and to spot candidates for radicalization among Mindanao Muslims, known as Moros.
Prime targets, said Banlaoi, are those posting on social media about economic and social exclusion, or historical injustice.
A hot topic is the separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front’s (MILF) peace deal with the government, which promised to make ARMM a self-governing region called Bangsamoro (nation of Moros) but has been dogged by delays, breakdowns and mistrust.
Mohagher Iqbal, the MILF’s top peace negotiator, said extremists exploit disillusionment with the Bangsamoro plan and promote violence by teaching only selected verses of the Quran.
“We monitor them, but because the recruitment is so secretive, we cannot manage to do everything,” he told Reuters.
Banlaoi said extremists had access to technology used in the Middle East by IS to track chatter on platforms like Facebook and Telegram, find suitable candidates and probe their friend networks.
These recruiters included Indonesians and Malaysian militants who were “very persistent.”
Winning hearts, minds
The government’s fight is as much about winning hearts and minds among the Bangsamoro people as it is the battle for Marawi that has now ground on for nearly four months.
Militants try to sway public opinion with slick videos celebrating their triumph over “crusaders” they say are destroying Muslim homes and businesses in Marawi with artillery and airstrikes.
The military says its focus groups have shown some displaced Marawi children “idolize” the militants.
It has sent female soldiers to counsel children in evacuation camps and identify those already radicalized.
Jalil, the teen fighter said he was at first inspired by the rousing speeches of Abdullah Maute and his brother, Omarkhayam. But he was appalled by the bloodletting that ensued.
“I can’t forget what I saw. Every street corner there were dead bodies, Christians and Muslims,” he said.
On the night of the execution he witnessed, Jalil abandoned his post guarding a bridge and rode a motorcycle for 50 km to evade Army checkpoints.
He turned himself in to police two weeks later.
A former military intelligence officer who has tracked the Maute clan said the military underestimated them as a “ragtag group.”
But the Mautes have demonstrated a capacity to regroup and, thanks to deep pockets and the respect they command among local youth, would probably strengthen after Marawi is retaken by “filling vacancies” left by hundreds of dead fighters.
The worst-case scenario, the officer said, was if the Maute brothers survive.
“Recruitment will be massive,” he said. “There are lots of students idolizing them.”