Four challenges for the victorious Modi

WITH Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Hindu nationalist party re-elected in a landslide, the challenges facing his government over the coming five years.

- Jobs -Modi in his first term fell short on creating jobs for the more than a million Indians entering the labour market every month, experts say. A leaked recent government report showed that unemployment rose to a 45-year high of 6.1 percent in 2017-18.

Government jobs have seen staggering numbers of applicants, including many overqualified candidates drawn to the prospect of a secure position with perks. Last year 19 million applied for 63,000 positions at Indian Railways.

Non-farm sectors are hampered by stringent labour laws and insufficient investment in skills, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

- Farmers -Many of those looking for work are those escaping from a dire crisis gripping Indian agriculture that has driven thousands of farmers to suicide in recent years.

Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India, with 70 percent of rural households depending primarily on it.

Farmers are finding it ever harder to water their crops as groundwater levels fall and monsoon rains become more unpredictable.

This has prompted extreme measures including curfews and armed guards near water sources while groundwater supplies in many areas have been contaminated by pollutants.

Farmers are also reeling from low prices for their produce and a lack of infrastructure meaning 40 percent of fruit and vegetables rot before reaching consumers, according to the UN.

- Pollution -Modi had pledged billions of dollars to clean up the holy Ganges river, which like other waterways is awash with raw sewage and industrial effluent. But results have been mixed.

India’s air is also a health hazard -- the country is home to 22 of the world’s 30 most polluted cities, according to Greenpeace. Industrial emissions, car fumes and smoke from burning crops are creating a toxic cocktail.

Poisonous air was responsible for 1.24 million premature deaths in India in 2017, according to a study published last year by Lancet Planetary Health, which said tens of millions of people face serious health risks.

“Whilst the public across the world is generating awareness on environmental issues, it is clearly missing in India,” Aarti Khosla, director of Climate Trends, a New Delhi-based initiative, said.

- Hindu hardliners -Modi on Thursday vowed to build an “inclusive” India but critics have accused his party of fomenting animosity towards the country’s religious minorities, particularly its 170 million Muslims.

Under Modi, lynchings of Muslims and low-caste Dalits for eating beef and slaughtering and trading in cattle have risen. Several cities with names rooted in India’s Islamic Mughal past have been renamed, while some school textbooks have been changed to reflect Hindu right-wing ideology, culture and history.

With a new mandate, Modi will be under pressure from hardline Hindu groups that have long espoused “Hindutva”, or Hindu hegemony.