Izilimi zase-Afrika ukhokho wokhokho wezilimi
Emveni kokukhuluma ngokuvelela kokwethiwa kwamagama abantu nokwendalo jikelele ngesiZulu emsakazweni iZululand FM kulawa masonto edlule ngibone kukuhle ukuba kengiqhubeke. Kuwo lowo msakazo futhi ngakhuluma ngokuba semqoka kwezisho nezaga ngaze ngaphawula nomehluko phakathi kwakho. Namuhla ngithi ake ngithi fahla ngobungqalabutho bolimi kwelase-Afrika bese ngenabanaba ngokusetshenziswa kwezisho eziyinkulumo esho okuqondile ngendlela enomfutho, ekhanyisayo, ecikozayo, ephicayo, edlaliselayo.
Izilimi zesintu, ngibe ngigxile esiZulwini, ziphawuleka ngokuthi yizona ezingukhokho wokhokho wezilimi zomhlaba. Ngokososayensi lezi zilimi zizala izilimi zomhlaba eziyizi-6 000. ngokukaQuentil Atkinson wase-University of Auckland, eNew Zealand. Izilimi ezifana nesiNgisi neMandarin, imvelaphi yazo iphuma olimini olulokhu lwaba khona e-Afrika iminyaka esukela kweyizi-50 000 iya kweyizi-70 000. Yilolu limi olwazala okubizwa ngempucuko - iDayaspora. Yilona olwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinsiza zokuzingela, zokusebenza nethekhnoloji ekhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zakhula-ke ezinye izilimi emhlabeni sezizimele kodwa zisukela e-Afrika. Izilimi ezaziwayo ezindala kunazo zonke e-Afrika yiKhoekhoe neNam ezazikhulunywa eminyakeni eyizi-20 000 BC kufakazelwa nguNsibidi waseNigeria.
Yena futhi u-Aitkinson wabala izakhimagama ezilimini ezingama-504 zomhlaba, okwakuyisampula, lezi zakhi kwakuyimisindozakhi (phoneme), ongwaqa, onkamisa, iphimbo. Wathola ukuthi izilimi ezinezakhi zamagama eziningi, imvamisa zinongwaqa futhi. Ulimi olunezakhi eziningi ludala kunolimi olunezakhi eziyingcosana. Eselapho, wafinyelela emphumeleni othi isiNgisi, kulinganiswa, sinemisindozakhi (phonemes) engama-45 kanti kukhona ezesintu ezinemisindozakhi eli 100.
Kusobala ukuthi isiZulu esikhulunywa cishe ngabantu abayizigidi ezili-12 noma ama25,3% ngokwezibalo zonyaka wezi-2019 kuNhlangulana. Ukuthi nje siqhathanise kancane isiNgisi sikhulunywa ngabantu abangama-8.4%, isiBhunu bangama-12.1% kuthi isiXhosa babe ngama-15.6%.
Uma sihlanganisa isiXhosa nesiZulu okuyizilimi zesiNguni kuphuma-40.9%. akuvamisile ukwenziwa lokhu ngoba kungafaka itwetwe kakhulu kulabo abafisa ukuba ngongqaphambili njalo.
Kasibuyele ezishweni, okuyindlela yokukhuluma ekhethekile, esebenzisa amagama ngobuciko. Izisho ziphethe izifengqo, izingathekiso, ihaba, nobuchule bokusebenzisa idlanzi lamazwi asho okunye noma okungaphezulu kwalokho okushiwo yilawa mazwi uma esetshenziswa ngawodwana noma ngendlela evamisile – sinezezela kwesesike sakusho sethula izisho.
Izibonelo: Ukuxebula Ngenduku – ukushaya umuntu kakhulu ngenduku, ngemvubu, ngexolo, ngentambo. Ngokuvamisile ngamaxolo axetshulwayo. Ngokujwalekile futhi induku iyavuba. Kodwa ovutshiwe uba maphuphusi nemivimbo kanti oxetshuliwe kuvuleka amanxeba. Noma kungabi bikho konke lokhu kodwa nje kube ukuthi washaywa kakhulu. Lesi sivamise ukusho isigameko esifanayo futhi kasiguquki emva kwegama lokuqala.
Ukuzalelwa Yinja Endlini
– ukuvelelwa yinsambatheka noma okukhawula ngentamo, noma yisiphihli ongazi ukuthi uzosilungisa kanjani. Okokuqala inja kayizali iyanyelezela ngesiZulu esiqondile. Kodwa isisho sigoba umthetho wolimi sifake ukuzala, okuyinto eyenziwa ngabantu, kungaveli nkinga. Kodwa uma inja inyelezele endlini kuba nomsebenzi wokuhlanza indawo igcwele ukungcola. Imvamisa ngokwempilo yesiZulu inja kayihlali endlini. Ize izozalela endlini nje, kukhona okusuke kuhlola ukuthi kakuzi kahle. Okwesibili akukho nja esuke inyelezele. Wuhlobo lwesehlo esinzima esisuke senzekile. Le nkulumo ithwebula isenzo esixakile isakhele umfanekiso walokho okwenzekayo uma inja ithuke yanyelezela endlini – mhlawumbe kungekho muntu. Nalesi kasiguquki kwesikushoyo, nokuboshelwa (kwakhiwa kwaso).
Ukuhlinza – kungavela lezi: ukuhlinza umuntu (ukumgebenga, ukumsika ezokwelashwa; ukugxeka inkulumo yomuntu).
Kusukela esiqwini saleli gama (hlinza) kuphuma futhi esithi Ukuhlinzela ezibini – ukwenzela phansi, ukudumaza umuntu ngokwenza; ukuhlinzwa kwenkomo ngozipho – ukuhlinzwa kwenkomo ekhuluphele edinga ukuthweshulwa ngesithupha nangozipho. Ngokuqondile yinkomo ehlinzwayo. Ukuhlinza inkomo kusho ukuyihlaba, ukuyatha, ukuyihlahlela, nokusika amantshontsho. Inkulumo ingahlinzwa ngokuba kuthintwe kukhulunywe okuyisendlalelo noma okuyisethulo isib. “Namuhla nicelwa ukuba niyihlinze niyobuye niyathe”; “Senoyihlinza ngokuzayo-ke ngoba namuhla simatasa ngokunye”. Abantu abahlabe inkomo imvamisa ibona abayihlanza baze bayiqede. Akuvinjwa muntu ozokwelekelela ekuhlinzeni noma engabiziwe. Imvamisa abantu abahlinzayo baye batshelwe ukuthi inkomo iqondene namsebenzi muni. Lesi sisho sihambelana nesaga esithi zinqunywa amakhanda ziyekwe. (izinkukhu). Kuthiwa halamuzi kushiywe lapho sekuyoqedelwa ngesinye isikhathi noma sekuyoyekwa unomphela.
Ukushaya – izisho eziningi esiZulwini ziphongozwa ngegama elithi ukushaya. Izibonelo: Ukushaya isithutha – ukwenza umuntu isilima; ukuyishaya emumva naphambili – ukuba yixoki; ukushaya utshani – ukuhamba ungabuyi; ukushaya ngoswazi – ukujezisa kancane; ukushaya esibomvu – ukusutha kakhulu. Kanti kuso isiqu “sha” kuqhamuka ukushisela umuntu – ukumceba; ukushisa obudala – ukulala kakhulu; ukushayanisa ngamakhanda – ukuxabanisa abantu.
Icala – Ukubasela icala – ukuhambela isikweletu; ukuthwala icala – ukugidlabezwa ngomsebenzi noma ngodaba olungelona olwakho; ukwenzeka ngecala – ukwenzeka ngesiphosiso.
Izisho ziqondwa ngokuba wazi ukuthi amagama asetshenzisiwe asho ukuthini lapho ezimele, ngokujwayelekile, ngokuhambelana nezimo okukhulunyelwa phezu kwazo, ngokuhambelana nomuzwa walowo okhulumayo noma ngomoya wodaba oluxoxwayo noma womlayezo odluliswayo. Ibinda okwanamuhla Zulu kaMalandela.