Academic uncovers unsung geniuses and documents creations
Prof travels through length and breadth of rural India to find farmers’ innovative ideas and brings them to the market, writes Ravi Nessman
IT IS 43° and Prof Anil Gupta has been hiking across the scorched plains of central India for hours. But he smiles widely as he enters a tiny village in search of another unsung genius.
“If you have any new ideas or you have any new inventions, I’m here to promote you,” he tells farmers beside a dusty roadside shrine to the Hindu god Shiva.
For more than two decades, Prof Gupta has scoured rural India for its hidden innovations, motivated by the belief that the most powerful ideas for fighting poverty and hardship will not come from corporate research labs, but from ordinary people struggling to survive.
Prof Gupta and his aides have uncovered more than 25 000 inventions, from the bicyclemounted crop sprayer to the electric paintbrush that never needs to be dipped in a paint can. Many of the cheap, simple ideas he spreads for free from one poor village to another with the inventor’s blessing. Some he is working to bring to market, ensuring the innovator gets the credit and the profit that will spur others to create as well.
Many ideas are simply documented in his database waiting for some investor to spot their potential. He routinely dispenses tiny grants, either from a government fund or his own web of organisations, to help poor innovators finish their projects.
The 59-year-old management professor says he gets no financial benefit from his finds, revelling instead in the process of discovery.
“Every time we walk in a place we discover a solution that we would not have imagined, and we find that eagerness,” he says. Many of the finds focus on agriculture: a more productive strain of peppers, a makeshift seat that lets coconut harvesters rest high up in trees, a hollow spear that pierces a hole in a field and drops in a seed.
There are traditional herbal medicines for cracked heels and sore muscles, stoves and engines modified to be more efficient, and a rice cleaner designed by a 13-year-old after he watched his mother wearily picking pebbles from yet another sack of grain.
And there are the eyebrowraisers: the washing machine mounted on the back of a scooter and powered by its engine, the bulletproof vest packed with herbs that absorb the concussive force of the bullet, the amphibious bicycle.
Prof Gupta has received the Padma Shri, one of the Indian government’s top honours. He works with India’s president to fete the innovators. He also helped found the governmentsponsored National Innovation Foundation, routinely addresses top business conferences and recently linked up with one of India’s largest retailers, Future Group, to bring some of the most promising finds to market.
Consumers will be attracted to the products — everything from all-natural biscuits to a toothbrush that adds its own toothpaste — because the profits go to a good cause and because of the subtle simplicity of the inventions, says Future Group executive Ashni Biyani.
“These are ideas that are rooted within the context of India,” she says.
Prof Gupta’s explorations have boosted inventors throughout rural India who are dismissed as nuts by their neighbours until he arrives and declares them geniuses.
Take Nattubhai Vader, a farmer from the state of Gujarat, who watched women and children harvesting an especially troublesome variety of cotton and thought there had to be a better way. Mr Vader designed and then obsessively tweaked a big apparatus of spinning rubber hoses and vacuums that fits over a tractor and can pick as much cotton in one hour as 10 people can in two days, he said.
He sank more than $20 000 into the harvester before his wife threatened to divorce him if he did not save the family’s remaining money for their kids’ education. A few years later, Prof Gupta found Mr Vader, gave him the funding to restart and plans to bring in a team of engineering students to refine it.
At the heart of Prof Gupta’s mission are his gruelling weeklong Shodh Yatras, consisting of 20km daily hikes in the searing summer and frigid winter, nights spent sleeping in school courtyards, meals of watery lentils. The idea is to scare off uncommitted “tourists” and give participants a taste of peasant life.
“Your eyes will open and you will see things you’ve never seen before,” Akash Badave, a 23- year-old rural administrator, says Prof Gupta told him before the first of his three Shodh Yatras. “And that was the case.”
On one recent trek along parched hillsides in the central state of Madhya Pradesh, Prof Gupta was accompanied by dozens of followers: young urbanites curious about rural poverty, an engineer who came to find herself, a team of inventors he collected from his previous journeys.
He began the hike after arriving on an overnight flight from China, marched in rubber sandals, drank little water despite the heat and fasted for a day.
His arrival at a village rarely visited by outsiders was an event akin to the circus coming to town. He handed out colourful magazines and pamphlets showing farmers how to make natural pesticides out of local plants, to treat cattle diseases with spice mixtures, to prolong the life of their water pump by sticking an old tyre under the handle. And he appealed to them to come up with ideas of their own. “Solutions to our problems are not so scarce,” he told them.
As an example, he introduced Amrit Agrawat who two decades ago was watching women in his village struggle to pull heavy water buckets from a well. Mr Agrawat made a pulley with an automatic brake so the women could rest without the bucket plunging back down. It costs $7.
“Wonderful,” one man said, “now my wife can answer her cellphone while she gets water.” Mr Agrawat has sold 5 000 of his pulleys, but donated one to each village along the way and encouraged the farmers to copy it.
In Dhaboti, Prof Gupta was escorted through the streets by a drummer calling out the villagers. Murali Dar, 80, hobbled over on a cane, holding twigs from a tree. A powder made from these can cure a fever, he said. Another man brought herbs to cure jaundice, yet another a wild lemon for animal cramps.
Kanhiaya Lal brought branches he used to make an antidote for snake bites: “If I die, the secret of how to cure people will die with me.”
The offerings were documented by assistants with notebooks. Then, in a simple ceremony, Prof Gupta gave each man a certificate and draped a shawl on his shoulders.
In the village of Moghra, a
Now I am feeling very happy that someone has recognised my ideas and is trying to take it forward
truck stopped in a cloud of dust in the courtyard where Prof Gupta and his team had spent the night. Abdul Rahim Khan had rushed over when his brother told him of the arrival of a man who might finally appreciate his work.
The farmer unloaded a miniature cotton gin that cost less than $4 to make and saved 10 times as much each year in processing fees. “A very good idea,” Prof Gupta told him. Next was a wooden fodder cutter he made for a fraction of the cost of the metal ones on the market.
Any more ideas? Prof Gupta asked Mr Khan, who said he had been toying with a design for a more efficient soybean harvester, but did not have the 8 000-rupees ($150) to produce a prototype. Prof Gupta promised him the money.
Mr Khan’s obsessions had made him an object of ridicule. Now, “I’m feeling very happy that someone has recognised my ideas and is trying to take it forward,” he said.
Prof Gupta was pleased as well. Out-of-the-box thinkers need to be encouraged, not insulted, he said.
Prof Gupta insisted every one of his 29 treks had yielded innovations. If the men did not bring him inventions, he urged the women to bring recipes. He interviewed every centenarian he met, documenting their secrets of longevity.
He carried a spoon and small plastic bags to dig up dirt for later analysis, and photographed anything that caught his eye, such as an interesting paint job.
Prof Gupta ran to a field being ploughed and stepped through a barbed wire fence. He had heard tractor owners in the area were filling their tyres with water to make them heavier for digging into the hard soil.
He located Ghanshayam Yadav, the man credited with having the idea in 2004. Farmers were having trouble ploughing the dense fields and the tractor company was charging 10 000rupees ($180) for 80kg weights, Mr Yadav said. Instead, he pumped 200kg of water into the tyres for just 200-rupees.
Cheaper, better, more efficient. “This is an amazing experiment,” Prof Gupta said. He gave Mr Yadav a shawl.
Prof Gupta’s most successful finds include more productive varieties of rice, wheat and other crops that have been widely adopted. He has licensed out pest control mixtures, pet medicines and a psoriasis cream and is looking for partners to market crop growth promoters, a treatment for animal diarrhea and a natural mosquito repellant.
His team helped A Muruganantham sell hundreds of his machines for making cheap sanitary napkins from wood fibre. And he takes pride in his most successful discovery, Mansukhbhai Prajapati, a once struggling potter who parlayed a clay refrigerator that cools by evaporation into a kitchenware company employing 30 people.
Prof Gupta began as a bank loan officer before working with farmers in Bangladesh in the 1980s, where he was amazed at the creativity of the poor.
When he went home to India, he dedicated himself to fostering that creativity and ensuring poor innovators got properly compensated. He founded the Honeybee Network in the 1980s to connect people and ideas, lobbied the government to create the National Innovation Foundation and set up a network of related organisations to encourage inventors. He soon began touring rural India searching for inventors and spreading ideas.
“Before he came we never really thought about innovation,” farmer Hari Singh, 85, said after Prof Gupta presented ideas for harvesting rainwater and making a pesticide with local leaves that animals shy away from.
Prof Gupta dreams his ideas will expand beyond India’s borders. For now he presses on, jumping over a ditch in a dried up lake bed on his way to the next village. “There’s so much to see,” he says. “You would need several lifetimes.” Sapa-AP