Cold reality drags Aramco and WeWork back to earth
On paper, you could scarcely imagine two more different companies than WeWork and Saudi Aramco. The serviced-office start-up is a notorious cash sink, while Saudi Arabian Oil (Aramco) is a gusher of dollars.
In retrospect, the cancelled initial public offering (IPO) of WeWork seems inevitable, given its $17.32bn in net debt and negative free cash flow of $2.94bn in the year to June. By contrast, Aramco’s $88.49bn of free cash flow and $5.55bn in cash net of debt suggest there’s still plenty to tempt investors.
Yet the two abortive share sales have a core attribute in common. In both cases, powerful insider interest groups came to the process with an elevated idea of the valuation they could achieve, and backed away when reality refused to conform to their expectations.
Bankers put the Aramco sale on hold last week after it became clear that international investors would not swallow the $2-trillion market capitalisation Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman first laid out almost three-and-a-half years ago, Bloomberg News reported on Friday, citing people familiar with the matter. A number closer to $1.5-trillion looks more viable, one of the people said, and even that reduced number is some way above the more realistic figures in the $1trillion range calculated by my colleague Liam Denning.
It is no surprise that Prince Mohammed is balking. Still, letting markets pass a verdict is what IPOs are meant to be about. If Prince Mohammed ever wants to get this share sale away, he should take their scepticism as a cue for reflection, not rejection.
For one thing, valuations just are not what they were when the idea of an Aramco IPO was mooted back in early 2016. On a multiple of enterprise value to ebitda, major listed independent and state-controlled oil companies are at about a 29% discount to the valuations they enjoyed in April that year, when Prince Mohammed first put a number on Aramco’s market cap.
Aramco’s cash and debt holdings are nugatory next to its vast cash flows, so you can translate that into an about $600bn discount off the equity value it might have got at the time. Value Aramco’s $216.6bn in ebitda on the median multiple of the major listed national oil firms and you are looking at a number just shy of $900bn.
The problems are compounded by the way the IPO has been handled. One reason that state oil companies mostly trade at a discount to independent producers is the perception that their corporate governance is caught up in politics. Aramco is hardly immune: just last month, Khalid al-Falih was removed from the roles of Aramco chair and Saudi Arabia’s energy minister in the space of a week.
In the first role, he was replaced by Yasir al-Rumayyan, a SoftBank director and the head of the country’s sovereign wealth fund, which will become Aramco’s largest shareholder once the IPO is completed. In the latter, his place was taken by one of the prince’s half-brothers.
Neither move suggests the sort of insulation from insider considerations that would convince shareholders to give a generous multiple to Aramco.
Aramco has one giant advantage over WeWork. Thanks to those enormous cash flows, there is really no reason that it needs an IPO. Without an infusion of investor cash, WeWork may struggle to make it through the next quarter. Aramco could, in theory, keep going in its current fashion for decades.
The same can’t be said of the state with which it’s intertwined. The IMF says the Saudi government needs an oil price of $78 a barrel to balance its budget.
Running a fiscal deficit will not be the end of the world, but in the long run the country still has a problem. It must find a path to a sustainable economy in a world where its population is rising even as demand for oil must start to fall if the worst effects of climate change are to be avoided. Aramco is going to find itself on the front line of those challenges.