Italy asks citizens to help fund recovery
• Pandemic raises new questions about sustainability of Rome’s borrowings
As Italy’s already huge public debt soars further due to the coronavirus crisis, its authorities are calling on citizens to help fund recovery efforts.
As Italy’s already huge public debt soars further due to the coronavirus crisis, its authorities are calling on citizens to help fund recovery efforts. The plan could aid immediate financing needs but will do little to allay eventual default risks.
Italy’s public debt has long been seen as a fault-line for the survival of the eurozone, and analysts say the pandemic is raising fresh questions about the sustainability of Rome’s borrowings.
For now, even with a debt that economists see heading towards at least 170% of national output in 2020, Italy is safe thanks to the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) huge bond purchases, recently expanded under its pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP).
But a day of reckoning for the eurozone’s third-largest economy looks inevitable, analysts say. The country proved unable to lower the world’s third-highest debt mountain even during economic good times — and it cannot rely on the ECB forever.
“Who will buy our debt when the ECB stops? That is something no-one even wants to think about,” says Roberto Perotti, economics professor at Milan’s Bocconi University.
Italy’s debt management chief Davide Iacovoni told Reuters the treasury is not worried about what will happen when the ECB scales down its purchases.
“Once we are out of this emergency we will return to a situation of fully functional markets, without the ECB or with a minimal ECB presence,” Iacovoni said.
“The underlying structure of our public finances are under control. Now we are tackling this emergency situation but immediately afterwards the government will be committed to a debt reduction strategy.”
With the economy brought to its knees by the pandemic, the three normal paths to debt reduction — faster GDP growth, austerity and inflation — look implausible.
Italy’s debt ballooned after the global financial crisis and has hovered around 135% of GDP in recent years despite record-low funding costs.
In 2019, Italy issued €245bn worth of bonds, more than half the current lending capacity of the eurozone’s bailout fund. This year, financing needs are set to reach half-a-trillion euros, including short-term bills.
Deutsche Bank forecast this week that Italy’s debt-to-GDP ratio will climb to more than 200% at the end of 2021, concluding that “this does not seem sustainable”.
But Europe cannot afford to risk a debt crisis that could engulf the currency bloc.
One idea gaining traction among politicians and bankers is for Italian citizens to shoulder more of the country’s debt burden. They look at Japan, whose debt dwarfs Italy’s, at close to 240% of GDP, and who yet is seen at negligible risk of default because it is almost all owned domestically.
Italy’s debt management chief told Reuters on Friday that over the next few years the treasury aims to double the €80bn of debt now in the hands of local retail investors.
On Monday, Rome starts a four-day sale of a new “BTP Italia” bond aimed at small savers, which the government says will be used to fund health care and spending on the postCovid-19 recovery.
Scope Ratings’ lead Italy analyst Dennis Shen said diversifying financing sources by attracting more retail buyers is “constructive” for Rome’s credit rating.
Some of Italy’s most prominent politicians and bankers are more ambitious.
Matteo Salvini, head of the right-wing League party that tops opinion polls, has proposed an “extraordinary issuance” of €100bn of long-term bonds reserved for Italian investors, made more attractive by special tax incentives.
In April Carlo Messina, the head of Italy’s largest retail bank, Intesa Sanpaolo, called for the issuance of what he called “social bonds” dedicated to Italian citizens.
By offering good returns, tax breaks and protection from prosecution for those repatriating funds illicitly held abroad, he said Rome could lift the proportion of the debt held by retail investors from below 5% to 10%-20% of the total.
However, looking not simply at direct holdings but also at money invested through asset management and insurance products, households and businesses are estimated by some fund managers to hold as much as a quarter of the country’s debt.
Moreover, Italy has a very different financial and political structure to Japan and looks unlikely to be able to follow a similar path towards debt selfsufficiency. More than 40% of Japan’s public debt is owned by its central bank, which is impossible for Italy as a member of the eurozone.
Japan is also a far safer proposition for domestic investors than Italy, where the threat is constant of political instability in Rome, rising yields and a debt crisis.
Lorenzo Bini Smaghi, a former ECB board member, described as “financial engineering” proposals such as tax incentives and legal shields for the repatriation of funds.
He said appeals for Italian citizens to buy up the public debt are a “sign of desperation” and could generate fears that the government could make such purchases obligatory by drawing funds directly from people’s bank accounts.
“People may suspect there’s something going on under the surface and it makes them even more afraid,” he said.
The prime minister’s office was not available to comment. A treasury spokesperson declined to comment.
Italian banks have good reason to curb their holdings of domestic government bonds, and foreign investors have long fallen out of love with Italy’s debt. About 55% of the total is already in the hands of domestic investors including banks and insurers, with another 20% held by the ECB, whose stake keeps growing through purchases carried out by the Bank of Italy under various stimulus programmes.
The proportion of debt in domestic hands has risen since the global financial crisis, and is higher than in Italy’s neighbours.
France and Spain at the end of 2018 had more than 45% of their debt in foreign hands, and toprated Germany had 48%, according to Eurostat data.
Domestic banks rode to Italy’s rescue during the 2011/2012 sovereign debt crisis, increasing their domestic bond holdings, which at present account for 10.5% of their assets, a relatively high proportion that, according to consultancy Prometeia, rises to 18% when only smaller banks are considered.
Banks still play an important role in supporting Italian debt because they tend to step up purchases during market selloffs, to then offload some of it when prices rebound.
Since the end of 2019, Italian banks have added €20.5bn in domestic government bonds.
Their growing exposure to Italy revives the so-called “doom loop” by which sovereign debt problems become banks’ problems and vice versa, which amplifies market tension.
The Covid-19 pandemic has the further effect of reinforcing the bank-sovereign link as new government-guarantee schemes encourage banks to lend to coronavirus-hit companies on the provision that the state will foot the bill if things go wrong.
Italy’s banking association said on Saturday small firms have requested more than €11bn so far in loans fully secured by the state.
SUCH APPEALS ARE A SIGN OF DESPERATION AND COULD CREATE FEARS THAT THE GOVERNMENT COULD MAKE PURCHASES OBLIGATORY