Salt from rising sea hits Nile’s farmers
• Excess salinity forces some to give up traditional crops of Egypt’s delta
Emad Attiah Ramadan has started planting rice on his 5ha plot on the edge of the Egyptian city of Damietta, giving up on tomatoes that would no longer grow well in the increasingly saline soil near the Mediterranean coast. Rice sells for less but the irrigation used to cultivate it helps cleanse the earth of salt, allowing it to grow, he says.
Emad Attiah Ramadan has started planting rice on his 5ha plot on the edge of the Egyptian city of Damietta, giving up on tomatoes that would no longer grow well in the increasingly saline soil near the Mediterranean coast.
Rice sells for less but the irrigation used to cultivate it helps cleanse the earth of salt, allowing it to grow, he said, picking wild grass from his soil and checking for signs of saline build-up.
Ramadan is one of tens of thousands of farmers racing to adapt to encroaching salinity in the Nile Delta, a densely populated and fertile triangle of green that fans out towards the sea north of Cairo and accounts for more than a third of Egypt’s agricultural land.
“If you leave the land 10 days without watering it, you’ll find salt on the surface,” he said.
A parched yellow field bordering on his plot was left barren due to salinity. He tried using chemicals to little effect: “Every year it gets worse.”
Rising salinity in the Delta has multiple causes, experts and farmers say, including overextraction of groundwater and excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides. But they say it is being made worse by climate change, which has already raised sea levels and temperatures in Egypt, and is the subject of the global COP27 UN talks the country is hosting.
The summit in Sharm el-Sheikh includes plans to help 4-billion people living in vulnerable areas withstand the effects of global warming, along with setting tougher goals on planetary warming emissions.
For Delta farmers, adaptation options include creating raised beds, or linear mounds of earth, to improving irrigation efficiency and drainage, to using new seed strains, said Aly Abousabaa, head of the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.
Wael El Sayed, a farmer in the east of the Delta near the city of Zagazig, said raised beds have helped to save fertiliser and water, and have doubled productivity for his wheat crop. But others struggle to treat and rinse the soil, as they experiment with new crops or rotations.
Near Sidi Salem, about 28km south of the sea and near the centrepoint of the northern Delta, Ibrahim Abdel Wahab, an agricultural engineer managing lands for 15 smallholder farmers, pointed to one plot pocked by patches of bald earth and cotton plants browned by salt burn.
Abut a decade ago, tomatoes, cucumbers, melons and pineapples were grown on the land, but now more resilient cotton, beetroot and rice are planted in rotation. Irregular rainfall and a lack of fresh water for irrigation have made farming harder, he said.
Abdel Wahab said that because of the salinity, he needs to sow double the quantity of seeds and use extra fertiliser to achieve normal crop density, but productivity still falls short.
Egypt, with a population of 104-million, is heavily dependent on imported food, and is typically the world’s biggest importer of wheat. Its agricultural production is largely limited to the wider Nile Valley, where water can be scarce and authorities struggle to stop people building on arable land.
Globally, Egypt is the fifth most vulnerable country to the economic effects of sea level rise on cities, with risks to farming and drinking water from inundation, erosion and saltwater intrusion, a World Bank report published in November said.
Yields for food crops in Egypt are expected to drop more than 10% by 2050 due to higher temperatures, water stress and increased salinity of irrigation water, according to a 2021 paper published by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Some studies suggest the effect in the Delta could be much higher.
Sea levels have been rising by 3.2mm a year since 2012 in Egypt, threatening to flood and erode the Delta’s northern shore and pushing saltwater further into the soil and the groundwater that farmers use for irrigation. Hotter temperatures accelerate evaporation, further concentrating the salt.
Over the past 30 years, temperatures in Egypt have risen 0.4°C a decade, according to figures from the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change data shows North Africa warming by 1.5°C by midcentury, relative to a 1995-2014 baseline.
Scientists say salinity varies from place to place and the exact contribution of climate change is hard to measure. But it is already affecting 15% of the Delta’s best arable land, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and is set to push further south. “With time, with the sea level higher, that line of salinity will go down into the Delta. It will go deeper,” said Mohamed Abdel Monem, a FAO senior adviser.
A 2021 study published in the journal Sustainability calculated that 60% of a 450km² area in the northeast of the Delta is to be negatively affected by rising groundwater linked to sea level rise by the end of the century.
EVAPORATION
Sea water intrusion and salinity also threaten the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh.
It is particularly challenging in the Nile Valley because of the arid, desert climate, said Claudia Ringler, a water resources and agricultural policy expert at IFPRI. “You have to do a much better job in a place like the Nile Delta because the water just evaporates quickly.”
Adaptation has limits. Rice cultivation helps wash the soil, but the government has imposed restrictions on the crop in parts of the Delta to conserve scarce water.
Near Mansoura, northeast of Cairo and about 70km from the coast, farm manager Hossam el-Azabawy said that even for a more resilient crop like beet, yields can drop by more than half in areas affected by salinity.
On some of the land he farms he turned to cotton, which has deeper roots reaching less saline soil. He experimented this year with a new strain of rice that has an 18% higher yield, in fields of cracked earth caked with salt. “There is no quick, radical fix for salinity. It needs a lot of work,” Azabawy said.