Five factors that will determine interest rates in the long term
• Making the right call on where percentages settle is a huge challenge for policymakers and investors
If financial markets are right, interest rates won’t just stay high this year, but possibly forever. The return of inflation means ultralow rates are history. And markets now reflect a scenario in which even the neutral interest rate that balances the economy in the long run after factoring in inflation, dubbed “R-star”, is rising, economists say.
Traders see US rates at about 4% at the end of the decade, far higher than policymakers’ 2.6% long-run expectations. Eurozone rates are seen about 2.5%, above what has prevailed for most of the bloc’s history.
Yet making the right call on where rates settle is a huge challenge. Many economists believe R-star is lower than before the great financial crisis but they disagree on how to calculate it, its current level and whether it is rising.
BNY Mellon Investment Management’s chief economist, Shamik Dhar, who believes Rstar has risen, is “nervous that hasn’t been fully priced into equity and property markets”.
We explore five factors that will determine interest rates in the long term:
FOOTING THE BILL
Huge investment needs, whether climate or military, and rising interest costs will keep government borrowing high.
Economists debate the impact of rising debt but some expect spending needs will drive rates up. Advanced economy budget deficits at 5.6% of output in 2023 were nearly double 2019’s 3% and will remain elevated at 3.6% in 2029, the IMF estimates.
Aviva Investors’ head of rates, Ed Hutchings, said higher deficits would raise the premium investors demand to hold government bonds.
But productivity gains have slowed and potential growth is seen subdued on both sides of the Atlantic, factors economists believe dampen investment.
“That would argue for less of an increase in neutral policy rates,” said First Eagle Investment Management portfolio manager Idanna Appio, a former Fed economist.
POPULATION
Demographics is one of the biggest uncertainties facing longer-term rates, said BNY Mellon’s Dhar, a former Bank of England economist.
There is consensus that a savings glut helped by preretirement hoarding in rich countries has depressed rates.
That may continue; 16% of the world population will be over 65 in 2050, from 10% in 2022, the UN projects. That will likely be most strongly felt in Europe.
But the ratio of dependants, including retirees, to workers is rising. That will cause rates to rise as age-related spending reduces saving, economists Charles Goodhart and Manoj Pradhan argue.
Plugging pension shortfalls through borrowing would also put upward pressure to rates, Nomura said.
HEATING UP
Gauging the economic impact of climate change is another big challenge.
The green transition requires huge investment that could raise rates, says the European Central Bank’s Isabel Schnabel, comparing the scale needed to rebuilding Europe after World War 2.
The physical impacts of climate change also risk bouts of higher inflation and price volatility. But they may shave as much as 17% off global output by 2050. The damage threatens productivity and could push Rstar lower, a paper by the European Central Bank argues.
Pricier clean energy may eventually reduce investment demand and therefore rates, the IMF says.
Soeren Radde, head of European economic research at hedge fund Point72, called the impact of climate change on rates a “big open debate”. “We’ve got negative shocks that essentially destroy demand. It’s not clear that will raise R-star.”
AI MANIA
How much the technological revolution can raise productivity and rates is hotly debated.
An productivity boost driven by artificial intelligence (AI) may raise US economic growth by 0.4 percentage points and by 0.3 percentage points in other developed economies by 2034, Goldman Sachs expects.
It sees upward pressure on rates, especially if AI adoption is front-loaded.
If the impact of AI is on par with electricity, growth will offset demographic pressures, Vanguard believes. But it may disappoint if similar to computers and the internet.
NEW REALITY
The Covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns, USChina trade tensions and wars in Ukraine and Gaza point to higher supply-shock risks ahead.
“If central banks have to act against them … that can also on average lift the level of interest rates,” Point72’s Radde said.
Also risking higher rates is “friendshoring”.
It is a process by which Western countries and companies seek to trade more with allies than with China. Mexico, for example, is now the biggest source of US imports.
“Any of that is going to be more inflationary, by nature of the fact that it is not the cheapest place to produce,” said Columbia Threadneedle’s global chief investment officer, William Davies.