Climate change does make weather worse
Research shows substantial effect in 80% of observed world
FROM record-breaking heat waves to catastrophic floods, extreme weather events these days tend to quickly inspire the same question: Is climate change the culprit? The answer is never simple. It’s almost impossible to blame any individual climate or weather event entirely on global warming, when there are so many complex physical factors that may cause them to occur. But scientists are getting better at figuring out to what extent climate change may have increased the probability or the severity of any given event.
Now, a group of scientists has extended this field of research to a global scale. In a new study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they’ve analysed the influence of global warming on extreme climate events all over the world. And they’ve found that climate change has had a substantial effect.
The study suggests that anthropogenic global warming, as it’s advanced, has had a significant hand in the temperatures seen during the hottest month and on the hottest day on record throughout much of the world. It finds that climate change substantially increased the likelihood of these record warm events occurring in the first place, and made them more severe than they otherwise would have been, in more than 80% of the observed world.
“This suggests that the world isn’t yet at a place where every single record-setting hot event has a human fingerprint, but we are getting close to that point,” said Noah Diffenbaugh, a climate scientist at Stanford University and lead author. “Greater than 80% of those record hot events is a substantial fraction.”
The study also finds that climate change increased the probability and severity of the driest year on record – that is, the year that experienced the least precipitation – in 57% of the observed areas of the world. And it found the wettest five-day period in each of these areas, or the five-day period with the most precipitation on record, warming had increased the chance of its occurring in 41% of the observed areas of the world.
Some of the strongest effects of climate change on these extremes were seen in the tropics, a stark reminder that “a lot of the burden for climate change falls on regions that have emitted only a tiny fraction of the CO2 that caused the shifts”, said Gabriele Hegerl, a climate scientist at the University of Edinburgh and co-leader of a World Climate Research Programme project focusing on weather and climate extremes. (Hegerl was not involved with the new study.)
Finally, the study suggests global warming contributed substantially to a record low in Arctic sea ice extent in 2012, as well.
“There’s been an explosion of research into possible connections between global warming and individual extreme climate events,” said Diffenbaugh.
To date, much of this type of research has been in the form of case studies on individual events, Diffenbaugh noted. But in the new paper, he and his colleagues analysed a variety of different types of climate extremes all across the world using different approaches designed to investigate the influence of global warming.
One approach, for instance, involves simply looking at the observational record to see whether historical climate trends have influenced the probability or severity of certain types of events over time, Diffenbaugh noted. Another approach involves using models to compare scenarios that include human-caused climate change with scenarios in which the climate remains static to see if the occurrence of extreme events is different between them.
The new paper includes several variations of these types of approaches, including historical observations and model-based strategies. The researchers applied these techniques to four different categories of extreme events, which were “unprecedented in the historical record”, said Diffenbaugh.
These included the hottest month, hottest day, the driest year on record and wettest five-day period on record. Data on these extremes is not uniformly available all around the world, but the researchers analysed the areas for which information was available.
The researchers looked at historical trends in temperature and precipitation, as well as comparisons between different models scenarios – with and without the influence of human-caused climate change – to draw conclusions about how global warming has affected long-term climate patterns, and how these trends have affected the likelihood or magnitude of an extreme event.
The researchers later applied the same framework to the Arctic sea ice record to quantify the influence of global warming on the 2012 record-low extent.
And, said Diffenbaugh, the framework can also be applied to certain specific physical conditions – atmospheric patterns, for instance – that help make an extreme event, like a storm or a heat wave, possible in the first place.
In the future, this strategy could become an important way to improve projections of certain types of extreme weather events under different climate scenarios, by analysing the likelihood of specific conditions and patterns that could combine to give rise to different weather outcomes.
Overall, the researchers’ approach is a “step forward” from the types of individual case studies that have been done in the past, said climate scientist Adam Sobel, director of Columbia University’s Initiative on Extreme Weather and Climate, who was not involved with the new research.
The strategy “allows general statements about what fraction of events of the given types selected have a statistically significant anthropogenic influence subject to the assumptions”, he said.
He added that the findings linking extreme temperature events to global warming in so many places are not exactly surprising.
What’s more interesting, he said, are the physical processes that have made these extremes possible in the first place – that is, the idea that the temperature signal here is found to be due not just to simple global warming, but to “changes in the frequency of atmospheric patterns”.
This reinforces the importance of looking not just at whole events, like heat waves or floods, but at their complex, underlying physical causes – and to what extent these causes may be affected by climate change.
As it is, the new study focuses only on climate change and extreme events that have already occurred since the preindustrial era. But Diffenbaugh points out that the same framework could be used to make predictions about the future climate. – Washington Post