Youth suffer severe psychological distress during pandemic, survey shows

A panel of experts agrees: young people are struggling with isolation and stress as a result of the pandemic.

The Covid-19 pandemic has hit young people particularly hard, and first year university students have found if particularly difficult to cope. This demographic is suffering from severe psychological distress. Isolation, stress, and an inability to cope with their workloads, are weighing heavily on SA’S youth.

These are some of the findings contained in a new study undertaken by the Human Science Research Council (HSRC), presented during a Mail & Guardian webinar on Thursday. The webinar, titled, “It’s okay not to be okay”, unpacked the impact of Covid-19 on the youth. It was presented in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the HSRC, and the Department of Science and Innovation. Thursday also marked International Youth Day. In contrast to the 18 – 19 year olds, young people in their early thirties coped much better with the pandemic. They also coped better with their workloads, indicating that they had better coping skills and support networks, the data showed.

Dr Sibusiso Sifunda, a chief research specialist at the HSRC, said the survey was one of several undertaken by the HSRC since the onset of the pandemic. This includes the Health Care Worker Survey and the Impact of Covid-19 on the Youth surveys.

For this study, titled, “Mental health issues and coping skills among the youth amidst the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa”, the HSRC team looked at well-being, mental health and social support amongst young people. The survey also looked at substance use and exposure to interpersonal violence during the pandemic.

Professor Heidi Van Rooyen, acting deputy CEO at the HSRC, said the title was a timely one.

“The outbreak of Covid-19 has led to the total disruption of life across the world. There has been mortality and morbidity on a scale not seen before.”

She said young people have had to deal with several types of grief.

Many have lost family members such as their parents.

“That foundation, grounding, a sense of having family who have your back, for many young people, those people are no longer there,” Van Rooyen said.

And while losing a loved one was painful, there were other types of loss too, she said.

“There is collective sorrow and grief; a communal sense of grief at the loss of how things were. There are also ambiguous losses that lack the clarity and definition of a single point, like death. This makes it hard to move forward,” Van Rooyen said.

Young people have also lost key “rites of passage” moments since the pandemic’s onset, such as matric dances and graduation ceremonies, she said. Van Rooyen added that informal, social interactions at university, like spending time with other students in the campus cafeteria, were not taking place.

All of this was adding to a sense of social isolation, compounding the distress felt by young people during the pandemic, the panellists agreed.

Sifunda said this was showed in the HSRC data.

The survey canvassed young people between the ages of 18 and 35 who were in some kind of tertiary education programme. The majority of the respondents, 25.7%, were studying in Gauteng, while the lowest proportion, 1.6%, came from the Northern Cape. The biggest portion of respondents lived in townships, at 34.8%. About 28% lived in rural and farm localities while roughly 30% lived in urban areas. About 6% of respondents lived in informal settlements.

The data showed that young adults, aged 18 – 19, typically first year university students, were having the most difficulty hoping with the pandemic.

The survey found that over 65% of students experienced mild to severe psychological distress as a result of the pandemic. A higher proportion of 18 – 19 year olds reported severe psychological distress, at 37.5% of respondents, compared to 28.7% of 25 – 29 year olds, and 29.9% of 30 – 35 year olds.

The data also showed that psychological distress was more prevalent among female than male students, and in those who thought they were at risk of contracting Covid-19.

A similar trend was seen when respondents were asked how they coped with their workload. Nearly 50% of respondents aged 30 – 35 were able to cope with their workload, while just 38.6% of 18 – 19 year olds said they were able to cope.

Meanwhile, nearly 80% of respondents reported not using any substances to cope with the pandemic. Just 17.8% reported using alcohol, and 6.1% reported using cigarettes; 6.1% also reported using marijuana. Less than 1% said they used other drugs.

However, Sifunda cautioned that alcohol and cigarettes were banned at the time, and this could explain why so few students used them.

The survey found that mental health, generally, is “neglected, poorly resources and underfunded”.

Responding to a question from the webinar participants about how government could intervene, Sifunda said the first step was to have reliable evidence and research.

This was where the HSRC comes in, he added. Sifunda also said South Africa needs a “dedicated national prevalence survey”. The last study, called “The South African Stress and Health study” was published in 2009, he said. Sifunda said most of the available data comes from “sub-population groups” like pregnant women or university students, suggesting that the broader population probably hasn’t been screened for mental illnesses.

The HSRC recommended that programmes be designed that can address youth issues holistically, as 0pposed to a piecemeal approach. It was also important to tap into technological platforms to increase the reach and efficacy of healthcare interventions, the HSRC said.

One of the webinar’s participants, 25-yearold Daphne Mokagane, explained how hard the pandemic has been on young people. She said many young people were isolated from their families during lockdown; others had to move back home when they lost their jobs.

Mokagane was raised by a single mother, who worked as a domestic worker in Bryanston. Mokagane said finding a job for young people was difficult enough before the pandemic. Now, many young people were finding gaining employment even harder, she said. Mokagane graduated in 2019 and has been unable to get the experience which so many employers require, she said.

“Covid-19 has made finding a job that much harder,” she said.

Mokagane also highlighted the stress placed on young people as a result of their studies being delayed. Masters degrees that should have taken two years are now taking three, she added.

Retired UNFPA representative, Dr Agathe Lawson, raised concern about the sense of social isolation among young people.

“Young people needed to interact with other young people,” she said. She said there were also a high number of dropouts because young people could not catch up with schoolwork missed.

There were also concerns about young people who were exposed to violence and sexual abuse while unable to leave their homes, she said.

The panellists stressed the importance of adults recognising the mental health challenges that young people are facing during the pandemic.

Van Rooyen said that adults, “need to have compassion and mirror for them (young people) that it is okay not to be okay.”

Meanwhile, a group of researchers at the Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town conducted research on the experiences of young South Africans during the COVID-19 pandemic, including mental health issues and coping mechanisms. Angelique Thomas, from the Teen Advisory Group study, presented their findings at the webinar.

Data from art-based remote research with young people in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces highlighted some of the psychosocial challenges experienced by young people during the pandemic. Thomas said some of the issues highlighted by their survey included feeling alone, feeling stuck, loss of family members, fear of police brutality, and stress due to finances and isolation.

Thomas said the young people showed resilience despite different types and layers of adversity. They reported using their social networks, including faith and traditional beliefs to stay positive. The researchers found that young people found support in multiple ways including accessing relational resources like friends and family as well as community spaces like church, local clinics and the use of sports to support themselves in this difficult time.

The HSRC identified a number of policy actions that could be taken to address mental health problems among young people. These were:

• Coordinated action by all concerned: government departments, health systems and other sectors;

• The prevention of and early detection of mental health problems before they require clinical attention;

• The provision of mental health services starting from the primary level, secondary and tertiary level of healthcare services.

“Mental health needs to be put firmly on the agenda and young people need to be the focus,” Sifunda said.