WWI, a century later

AFTERMATH: RAPID SOCIAL PROGRESS IN MUCH OF INDUSTRIALISED WORLD

The post-war settlement provided fertile ground for the rise of Nazism, its horrors.

Paris

As the guns fell silent in 1918, World War I victors all agreed on one thing: Germany must pay. How much was a matter of debate but there was never any doubt that the postwar settlement enshrined in the Treaty of Versailles was going to be punitive.

Germany did pay, but it was not alone. A century on, the world lives with the consequences of a peace accord that, even at the time, was criticised as making another war inevitable in Europe, a continent which had dominated the world for centuries.

Economist JM Keynes, then a British Treasury official, resigned rather than be associated with a treaty he denounced as “Carthaginian” in its harshness.

French Marshal Ferdinand Foch judged it “not so much a peace as a 20-year armistice”.

The “war to end all wars” turned out to be the exact opposite. By ensuring Germany’s economic ruin and political humiliation, the post-war settlement provided fertile ground for the rise of Nazism and its horrors.

Beyond Germany, the slew of peace treaties redrew the map of Europe, carving up vanquished empires and creating as many future conflicts as new countries and borders from the Baltic States to Turkey, via Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Just as important, the war served as an incubator for the 1917 Russian Revolution.

Against a backdrop of desperate food shortages, military failure left the Tsarist state crippled and vulnerable to an assault by Lenin’s Bolsheviks, who then established the Soviet Union as an authoritarian Communist state.

Disastrous agricultural policies resulted in more than three million people dying in the famine of the early 1930s, millions more under the Great Terror unleashed by Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin.

By the mid-1930s, conditions were in place for the post-World War II division of Europe. That, in turn, produced the Cold War and its associated splitting of the rest of the planet into Western or Soviet spheres of influence.

While the political prestige of the main victors Britain and France was at a height in 1919, it did not hide the blossoming on the international stage of the US, which would become the main economic, military and political power in the Western camp.

World War I also left a lasting mark on the Middle East. By encouraging an Arab revolt, Britain helped precipitate the collapse of the Germany-allied Ottoman empire. A secular Turkey emerged and Britain and France assumed post-war control of much of the Arab world.

By then Britain had also made clear, through the 1917 Balfour Declaration, its support for the principle of a Jewish state on land it had pledged to the Arabs. Events in Russia cast a long shadow over the rest of Europe, generating a fear of upheaval that helped accelerate reforms while also inspiring other revolutionaries, including the nascent fascist movement that was soon to seize power in Italy.

More broadly the aftermath of World War I was a period of rapid social progress in much of the industrialised world. This was most notable in terms of women’s right to vote. The war also spurred new waves of creativity in the arts. –

The war left a lasting mark on the Middle East