End out-of-sight violence

The slow violence of hunger and food insecurity are often experienced in invisible ways

A DECADE ago, Rob Nixon, a professor in the humanities and environment studies at Princeton University in the US, introduced the concept of slow violence in the context of climate change and environmentalism.

He explained slow violence as violence that occurs gradually and out of sight, a violence of delayed destruction that is dispersed across time and space, an attritional violence that is typically not viewed as violence, at all.

While profound, Nixon’s concept of ”out-of-sight violence” and ”violence of delayed destruction” was challenged by Professor Thom Davies, from the University of Nottingham in the UK, who urged scholars to instead ask: ”Out of sight to whom?” He argued that structural inequality mutated into noxious instances of immediate slow but pervasive violence by those who have endured toxic landscapes and unhealthy physical environments.

Reflecting on the impact of Covid19 in the context of persistent hunger in South Africa’s cities, Dr Gareth Haysom, from the University of Cape Town, challenged us as society to recognise the ”slow violence“of hunger and food insecurity that are also often “experienced in private, incremental and accretive ways that are often invisible”.

But as urged by Professor Davies, the question of child hunger and malnutrition in South Africa is really: To whom is this hunger and malnutrition invisible?

Malnutrition and its debilitating consequences have been studied and known about as far back as the 1950s.

In 1976, Stoch and Smyth, from the then Child Psychiatric Unit and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health at the University of Cape Town, reported in a 15-year developmental study conducted from 1955 to 1970 on the effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent physical growth and intellectual functioning on coloured children from the Cape Flats.

They concluded that the effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent brain growth and intellectual development confirmed gross retardation of intellect in the undernourished group when compared to the controls.

Furthermore, the study concluded that given the abnormal performance of the control group that there was much evidence to suggest that the controls were also suboptimal in terms of nutritional status and intellectual functioning. This means that, in general, the nutritional status of coloured children on the Cape Flats was poor. Fast forward to 2021, and child nutrition in South Africa remains sub-optimal.

The most recent data from 2016 National Demographic Health Survey showed that 27% of children under the age of five years are stunted or too short for their age. This equates to more than 1.5 million children whose health and development is compromised and who have a lower chance of reaching their full potential even into their adult years.

While many countries of the same economic development status have improved their nutrition indicators, South Africa’s nutrition indicators have worsened. South Africa has been identified as one of the countries with high levels of multiple forms of malnutrition manifested in high levels of stunting, childhood obesity and multiple micronutrient deficiencies, the most notable being vitamin A deficiency.

The multiple forms of malnutrition cast a long shadow of ill-health and delayed development of children, robbing them of quality of life and years of life in their childhood and their adult years. Malnutrition has a double cost on quality of life and additional health costs consuming resources that could have been spent on better food.

The right to have access to sufficient food is embedded in Section 26 and 27 of our Constitution and the right to adequate nutrition for children is stipulated in section 28. The Bill of Rights enshrined in the Constitution states that “every citizen has a right to have access to sufficient food, water and social security” and that “the State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right”.

Before the onslaught of Covid-19, we, as health- and social-care professionals, had been acutely aware that a significant number of South Africans did not have access to sufficient food and were going hungry daily. Malnutrition is well-documented in South Africa and, unfortunately, is progressively getting worse.

South Africa has not prioritised children or the realisation of their human rights to food and nutrition.

Better nutrition can be achieved only when food and care are available to young children, but in the context of rising food prices, limited maternal support and a difficult psychosocial environment, mothers are not able to provide their children with a health-enabling environment. Our high levels of stunting and obesity levels reflect the chronic situation of poor-quality and inadequate diets coupled with poor caring practices.

The food environment is shaped by a profit-centred food system that comes at the cost of people’s health and well-being. The findings of the 2020 Child Gauge gives us, as a country, the opportunity to stop the violations of children’s rights and to end the slow violence of child malnutrition.