End of hegemony: UN must reflect changing world order
There is a rational explanation of why India and Brazil, two countries with vast populations and significant and growing economies, are not permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
The Council -- made up of 5 permanent and ten rotating members -- was designed to reflect a world order that was birthed from the horrific violence of World War II. It was as simple as this: Those who emerged on the side of the victors were granted permanent membership and a ‘veto’ power that would allow a single country to defy the will of the entire international community.
This unfair system, which has perpetually weakened the moral foundation of the UN, remains in effect to this day.
The 73rd session of the UN General Assembly held in September- October in New York reflected both the impotence of the UN’s ability as a global platform to address pressing problems and also the chaotic political scene resulting from the organisation’s lack of unity.
The misuse of the veto, the lack of accountability and the unfair representation at the UNSC -- for example, not a single African or Latin American country is a permanent member -- have all emasculated an organisation that is meant, at least on paper, to uphold international law and achieves peace and global security.
While Richard Falk, the former UN Special Rapporteur, advocates the “need for a stronger UN,” he argues that “from the perspective of current geopolitical trends, ( the UN) seems to have declined almost to the vanishing point with respect to overarching challenges that states acting on their own cannot hope to overcome.”
Some of these problems are interconnected and cannot be redeemed through short- term or provisional solutions. For instance, climate change often leads to food shortages and hunger, which, in turn, contribute to the rising levels of migration and, consequently, to racism and violence.
Late last year, the UN’s World Food Programme reported that global hunger is increasing, despite all attempts to curb it and to, ultimately, achieve the declared goal of ‘zero hunger.’ According to the WFP, 815 million people suffered from hunger in 2016, an increase of nearly 40 million from the previous year. The UN body called the latest figure an ‘indictment to humanity.’
The failing fight against climate change is another ‘ indictment to humanity’. The UN-sponsored Paris Agreement of 2016 was a rare shining moment for the UN, as leaders from 195 countries consented to reduce their carbon dioxide emission through the lowering of their reliance on fossil fuel.
The excitement, however, soon died out. In June 2017, the United States government pulled out of the global accord, putting the world, once more, in peril of global warming with its devastating impact on humanity.
This decision by the Donald Trump Administration exemplifies the foundational problem within the UN -- where one country can dominate or derail the whole international agenda, rendering the UN practically irrelevant.
Interestingly, the UN was established in 1945 to replace a body that, too, was rendered irrelevant and ineffective: The League of Nations.
But if the League of Nations lost its credibility because of its inability to prevent war, why has the UN survived all these years?
Perhaps, then, the UN was never established to tackle the problems of war or global security in the first place, but rather to reflect the new power paradigm that caters to those most invested in the existence of the UN in its current form.
As soon as the UN was established, the US and its allies rose to dominate the global agenda.
As experience has shown, the US is committed to the UN when the international organisation serves the US agenda, but is uncommitted whenever the organisation fails to meet Washington’s expectations.
For example, the former US President, George W. Bush, repeatedly criticised the UN for failing to support his unlawful war efforts against Iraq. In a speech before the General Assembly, in 2002, Bush asked: “Will the United Nations serve the purpose of its founding or will it be irrelevant?”
“The purpose of its founding” here, of course, refers to the US agenda that has remained a top UN priority for decades.
US ambassadors to the UN have worked ceaselessly to undermine various UN institutions that refuse to toe the American line. The current US ambassador, Nikki Haley {who has resigned her post and will leave at the end of this month} , is far more aggressive than her predecessors, as her antagonistic language and undiplomatic tactics -- especially in the context of the illegal Israeli Occupation and Apartheid in Palestine -- further highlight the deteriorating relationship between Washington and the UN.
Indeed, the UN is not a monolithic institution. It is a supranational body that merely reflects the nature of global power. In post-WWII, the UN became divided around political and ideological lines resulting from the Cold War. At the end of the Cold War era, in the early 1990s, the UN became an American tool reflecting the US quest for global domination.
Starting from 2003, the UN has entered a new era in which the US is no longer the only hegemonic power. The rise of China and Russia as economic hubs and military actors, in addition to the emergence of regional and economic blocs elsewhere, are causing a more significant and growing challenge to the US at the UNSC and various other UN institutions.
Although the General Assembly remains mostly impotent, it is still able to, occasionally, challenge the dominance of great powers through its support of other UN bodies, such as UNESCO, the International Court of Justice, the World Health Organisation and so on.
The world is vastly changing, yet the UN continues its operations based on an archaic and faulty formula that crowned the winners of WWII as the world’s leaders. There can be no hope for the UN if it continues to operate by such erroneous assumptions, and it should not take another global war for the UN to be reformed to reflect this new and irreversible reality.
( Ramzy Baroud is a journalist, author and editor of Palestine Chronicle. His forthcoming book is ‘ The Last Earth: A Palestinian Story’ (Pluto Press, London). Baroud has a Ph.D. in Palestine Studies from the University of Exeter and is a Non- Resident Scholar at Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California Santa Barbara. His website is www. ramzybaroud.net.)
The misuse of the veto, the lack of accountability and the unfair representation at the UNSC -- for example, not a single African or Latin American country is a permanent member -- have all emasculated an organisation that is meant, at least on paper, to uphold international law and achieve peace and global security.