The man who realised China was on a ‘treadmill to hell’

In autumn 2009, American hedge fund manager Jim Chanos began to ask questions about the Chinese economy. What sparked his curiosity was the realisation that commodity producers had been largely unaffected by the financial crisis; indeed, they had recorded big profits even as other sectors found themselves reeling.

When he looked into why, he discovered that the critical factor was China’s voracious appetite for commodities: The Chinese, who had largely sidestepped the financial crisis themselves, were buying 40% of all copper exports; 50% of available iron ore; and eye-popping quantities of just about everything else. That insight soon led Mr Chanos to make an audacious call: China was in the midst of an unsustainable credit bubble.

Perhaps you remember Jim Chanos. The founder of Kynikos Associates, a US$3 billion (106 billion baht) hedge fund that specialises in short-selling, Mr Chanos was the first person to figure out, some 15 years ago, that Enron was a house of cards.

He shorted Enron stock — meaning that he would profit if the stock fell, rather than rose — and shared his suspicions with others, including my friend Bethany McLean, who wrote a story for Fortune that marked the beginning of the end for Enron. That call not only made Mr Chanos a small fortune; it also made him famous.

Mr Chanos and his crew at Kynikos don’t make big “macro” bets on economies; their style is more “micro”: Looking at the fundamentals of individual companies or sectors. And so it was with China.

“I’ll never forget the day in 2009 when my real estate guy was giving me a presentation and he said that China had 5.6 billion square metres of real estate under development, half residential and half commercial,” Mr Chanos told me the other day.

“I said, ‘You must mean 5.6 billion square feet.” The man replied that he hadn’t misspoken; it really was 5.6 billion square metres, which amounted to more than 60 billion square feet.

For Mr Chanos, that is when the light bulb switched on. The fast-growing Chinese economy was being sustained not just by its export prowess, but by a property bubble propelled by mountains of debt, and encouraged by the government as part of an infrastructure spending strategy designed to keep the economy humming. (According to the McKinsey Global Institute, China’s debt load today is an unfathomable $28 trillion.)

Mr Chanos soon went public with his thesis, giving interviews to CNBC and broadcaster Charlie Rose, and making a speech at Oxford University. He told Rose that property speculation in China was rampant, and that because so much of the economy depended on construction — in most cases building properties that had no chance of generating enough income to pay down the debt — China was on “the treadmill to hell”.

He also pointed out that much of the construction was for high-end condos that cost more than $100,000, yet the average Chinese household made less than $10,000 a year.

Can you guess how the financial establishment, convinced that the Chinese juggernaut was unstoppable, reacted to Mr Chanos’ contrarian thesis? It scoffed.

“I find it interesting that people who couldn’t spell China 10 years ago are now experts on China,” well-known investor Jim Rogers told The New York Times. He said: “China is not in a bubble”.

The conventional view was that the Chinese economy would continue to grow at a rapid pace, and that Chinese officials, unencumbered by the messiness of democracy, could make quick adjustments if the economy started to slip.

Mr Chanos was undeterred. “It reminded me of 1989, when everybody said that we should emulate the Japanese model,” he told me. “They used to say, ‘They can get stuff done and we can’t’,” just as the supposed experts were now saying about China.

As it turns out, China’s economy began to slow at about the same time Mr Chanos first made his call. No matter: Most China experts remained bullish. Mr Chanos, meanwhile, was shorting the stocks of a number of companies that depended on the Chinese market. And he was regularly sending out emails when he came upon articles that seemed to confirm his thesis: Stories about newly constructed ghost cities and troubled banks and debt-laden state-owned enterprises.

On Monday, with the markets in freefall, it certainly looks like Mr Chanos has been vindicated.

China’s not the only reason the stock market has been so volatile, but it’s the most important one.

China’s economy is faltering, its stock market is collapsing, and the hamfisted efforts by government officials to prop up both have mainly had the effect of disabusing anyone who still thinks they’re “omnipotent and omniscient”, as Mr Chanos put it. This loss of confidence in China and its leaders has spooked stock markets around the world.

The moral of today’s story is a simple one. Listen to the sceptics and the contrarians. You dismiss them at your peril.