PINOCHET’S SHADOW LOOMS LARGE OVER CHILE
A decade after his death, the dictator is widely loathed but his legacy remains in law and politics
Chile yesterday marked the 10th anniversary of the death of late dictator Augusto Pinochet, who has gradually become a national pariah even as his legacy continues to dominate the country. Pinochet, who ruled Chile with an iron fist for 17 years, died of a heart attack under house arrest on Dec 10, 2006, at the age of 91 without ever being brought to justice for the crimes committed by his regime.
He had stepped down 16 years earlier but continued to enjoy the staunch support of many conservative Chileans — so much so that more than 50,000 people turned out to mourn him.
In a sign of the changing times, fewer than 100 people were expected to attend the only ceremony remembering him yesterday: a small, private mass at his former residence in Los Boldos on the central Chilean coast, where his ashes lie.
The government of President Michelle Bachelet, whose father was tortured to death at the hands of Pinochet’s agents, said the anniversary had little relevance for modern-day Chile.
“Pinochet is a figure of the past,” said presidential spokeswoman Paula Narvaez. “Chile has to live in the present and look to the future.”
With his dark glasses and military uniform, Pinochet was an emblem of the dictatorships that gripped much of Latin America during the Cold War.
He seized power from socialist president Salvador Allende in a bloody 1973 coup and ruled with ruthless efficiency until 1990.
He presided over a period of great prosperity but also great barbarity. More than 3,200 people were killed or “disappeared” — abducted and presumed killed — by his security forces, and 28,000 were tortured.
After stepping down, Pinochet continued for years to serve as head of the military and a senator for life, helping ensure he was never brought to justice despite numerous court cases pending when he died.
Today, few Chileans publicly back him. His old political allies defend his policies but distance themselves from the man. But his legacy looms large. His 1980 constitution is still the law of the land.
And despite Ms Bachelet’s best efforts, reforming his privatised pension system and deeply unequal education system has proven to be a treacherous project.
“Ten years after his death, Pinochet has been disappearing from the public scene as a personality, in terms of his biography, in terms of the man who led a dictatorship for 17 years. But not his legacy,” said historian and political scientist Manuel Garate of Chile’s Alberto Hurtado University.
“There are contradictions in Chilean society. People reject the man but are accustomed to living in his economic model.”
Once the anniversary of Pinochet’s death was an occasion for supporters to herald him as the man who made Chile a beacon of stability and prosperity in Latin America.
But he has slowly become a shared source of shame. There was outcry in Congress two years ago when a lawmaker from a far-right party requested a minute of silence in tribute to Pinochet for the eighth anniversary of his death.
In 2010, Ms Bachelet inaugurated a Museum of Memory and Human Rights that chronicles the horrors of the dictatorship.
“There has been a progressively growing awareness of the truth. Today there’s not the slightest fondness or support for Pinochet,” said the museum’s director, Francisco Estevez.
But not all has been forgotten, said Esteban Vargas, who at 26 years old is the same age as Chile’s current democracy.
“Forgetting is a long process. I think despite the years the wounds remain very open,” he said.
Chile’s Supreme Court ruled on Monday that the government can file an extradition request to the United States for two former secret police agents wanted for a 1976 car bombing in Washington that killed a former Chilean ambassador and a US citizen.
In a unanimous decision, the court said the Foreign Ministry should begin the procedures needed to seek the extradition of US citizen Michael Townley and Chilean Armando Fernandez Larios. They served under Pinochet’s 1973-90 dictatorship.
The decision came after a request by Chilean Judge Mario Carroza, who specialises in human rights crimes.
The attack killed former envoy Orlando Letelier and US citizen Ronni Moffitt. Moffitt’s husband, who was an aide to Letelier, was also in the car but survived the bombing on Sept 21, 1976.
“After 40 years of the death of … Orlando Letelier and Ronni Moffitt, we have taken a step forward in achieving justice for this horrid and cowardly crime committed just blocks from the White House,” said Nicolas Pavez, a lawyer representing Chile’s Group of Families of the Politically Executed.
Declassified US intelligence documents that came to light last year revealed that Pinochet directly ordered Letelier’s assassination. One document includes an assertion by the former head of Chile’s intelligence agency, Manuel Contreras, that “he authorised the assassination of Letelier” on “direct orders from Pinochet”.
In 2005, Contreras and his second in command were convicted in Letelier’s death. Contreras died last year.
Letelier had been a top official under President Salvador Allende, a Marxist who was ousted by Pinochet in a 1973 coup. Letelier was tortured and jailed, then later fled to the US, where he was the most influential voice against Pinochet’s dictatorship.
At the time of the bombing, Letelier was director of the Transnational Institute at the Institute for Policy Studies and Moffitt was a development associate at IPS.
Pinochet is a figure of the past. Chile has to live in the present
PAULA NARVAEZ PRESIDENTIAL SPOKESWOMAN