PAKISTAN’S THIRD SEX SEEKS A REFORMATION
The role and visibility of transgender people in rituals hide an inequitable reality
Farzana draws all eyes when she dances, with the twist of her hips and hair — but today she is above all the voice of a Pakistani community with an ambiguous status: the khawajasiras. The 30-year-old is a guru, a matriarch at the head of a “family” of several hundred khawajasiras, an umbrella term in Pakistan denoting a third sex that includes transsexuals, transvestites and eunuchs.
She is co-founder and president of TransAction, a rights organisation launched in 2015 in Peshawar, capital of deeply conservative Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province.
Faced with brutal aggression and daily humiliation, this solid Pashtun, whose hoarse voice betrays her birth sex, “filed complaints in almost every KP police station” — but in vain.
“More than 50 khawajasiras were killed in 2015 and 2016 in KP alone,” she says, recounting with fatalistic calm how she was repeatedly raped and blackmailed by police.
The status of khawajasiras — also known as hijras — is opaque in Pakistan, to say the least.
Modern-day Pakistani transgender people claim to be cultural heirs of the eunuchs who thrived at the courts of the Mughal emperors that ruled the Indian subcontinent for two centuries until the British arrived in the 19th century and banned them.
Later, Pakistan became one of the first countries in the world to legally recognise a third sex. They number at least half a million people in the country, according to several studies.
Since 2009, they have been able to obtain an identity card as “khawajasiras”, and several have run in elections. A Lahore court has ruled they should be counted in the next census, set to be held this year.
Like Farzana, many earn their living by being called upon for rituals such as blessing newborns or to bring life to weddings and parties as dancers — and, sometimes, in more clandestine ways.
But despite these signs of integration they live daily as pariahs, often reduced to begging and prostitution, subjected to extortion and discrimination.
The catalyst for TransAction’s mobilisation in Peshawar was the exclusion of transgenders from aid to populations fleeing Talibanisation and fighting in the tribal areas on the border with Afghanistan.
Sohana, 24, fled in 2008 from Kurram tribal district, where the Taliban had banished dancing and music, and forced men to grow beards. “If I had stayed, I would be dead by now,” she says.
But in Peshawar, the UN helped only displaced families. “We had no help from anyone … We started protesting,” says the young woman, concealing beneath her shawl the curves she has created with silicone implants.
“Many people spoke out, saying that people like us also need to have our rights respected,” says Sohana, who nevertheless despairs of ever being tolerated by her family.
TransAction now has 40,000 followers on its Facebook page, and local newspapers have become sympathetic in their coverage of hijras, reviving the debate on their social status in Pakistan.
“A lot of NGOs have worked with the transgender community, but mostly focused on HIV, whereas [TransAction’s] priority was protection from violence, harassment, attacks and extortion,” said Qamar Naseem, a women’s rights activist who helped TransAction to be heard.
Perhaps the most famous case to be highlighted was that of Alisha, who died after an assault in May last year because, her supporters said, she did not receive treatment at the gender-segregated hospital in Peshawar in time due to her identity.
Against all odds, conservative and Islamist lawmakers are sensitive to their cause.
“They are a creature of God. Allah’s creation. They should have their rights, as we have,” said conservative MP Amina Sardar, who spearheaded legislation supporting political franchise for khawajasiras.
“This is what I preach. Hijras are Muslim, same human beings [as us], with the same rights,” said Mullah Tayyab Qureshi, imam of the main Peshawar mosque.
Several support measures have already been voted in, and KP is working on a transgender protection programme which, if passed, will become the second adopted by a province in South Asia, Nasim said.
But access to education and employment is a major challenge for these women.
Most khawajasiras say they have been abandoned or bullied to the point of fleeing their families, often as they approach adolescence, when their effeminate behaviour becomes intolerable in a patriarchal society where homosexuality is illegal.
The community is also weakened by the practices of some so-called “gurus” who act as merciless pimps, exploiting disoriented young people instead of behaving as the protective adoptive mothers most pride themselves on being.
Paro, who left her parents and school aged 11, was prostituted, raped and shot before joining TransAction.
“I’ve liked dancing since I was a child, but nobody respects that,” she sighs.
She cut down on her dance performances and launched a small embroidery business after the killing of her friend Alisha.
In her sweet pink room, she creates flamboyant outfits for other hijras.
On the wall, two screens: one broadcasts music clips, but the other is the video surveillance she installed in front of her door — six TransAction leaders have been assaulted because of their activism.