Ukraine war starting to escalate beyond its borders
Some 16 kilometres inside Russia at a military base near the village of Golovchino late last month, dozens of damaged, burnt and blasted Russian armoured vehicles have been dragged into scattergun positions as workers attempt to repair and salvage spares.
As Russian President Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine enters its third month, the scene — recorded by a Ukrainian-built Leleka drone flying inside Russian airspace and then shared with British tabloid the Sun as propaganda — is a reminder of just how far the campaign has been from the short, victorious war the world expected and the Kremlin hoped for.
All sides appear to be hardening their positions, rhetoric and actions. Russia last week accused the West of risking a wider nuclear confrontation by arming Ukraine in a “proxy war”, while the US and its allies now talk openly of helping Ukraine “win” and inflict a strategic defeat on Russia that will limit its ability to threaten its immediate neighbourhood.
Like all major military conflicts, the Ukraine war is becoming an economic, technological and industrial confrontation, one with actions and implications escalating well beyond Ukraine.
Last week saw suspected Ukrainian missile strikes on fuel and arms facilities within Russian territory, explosions and increasing talk of escalation in neighbouring Moldova and Moscow cutting gas supplies to Poland and Bulgaria, as well as meeting of Nato and allied nations on arming Ukraine further.
UK Armed Forces Minister James Heappey last Tuesday said Britain would have no problem with long-range missiles it was supplying being used to strike targets within Russia, describing them as “a “legitimate” part of war. That produced a furious response from the Kremlin, including a warning to hit “decisionmaking centres” in Kyiv regardless of whether Western military advisers were there. Ukraine has not confirmed if it is hitting Russian territory.
The global consequences of war, meanwhile, are escalating — particularly through the economic effects of rising food and fuel prices. With Russia bombing its railways and targeting agricultural infrastructure, Ukraine must bring in and export one of the world’s largest grain harvests between now and September.
The World Bank said the Ukraine war had delivered the largest commodity price shocks since the 1970s. In Europe, the price of natural gas has doubled while the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisations says food prices are at record highs.
A report released on April 25 by polling firm Deltapoll showed 90% of Britons saying they had noticed a significant increase in the cost of living this year, with 50% worried they would not be able to make ends meet within six months. In the developing world, it will be worse still, potentially bringing starvation and political upheaval.
The International Monetary Fund expects inflation across the developing world to rise to 8.7% this year, up from an already painful 5.9% in 2021. Between them, Russia and Ukraine make up almost 30% of global wheat supply, almost all through now-blocked Black Sea routes. The Bank of America estimates lost Ukrainian supplies in the two months of war so far — down 80% – “equate to about 10 days of world food supply”.
That may get even worse if Ukraine cannot get its harvest in the summer, or if blocked exports and overfilled silos mean it cannot be stored. In March, the World Bank predicted the Ukrainian economy to shrink by as much as 45%, while even Kremlin-owned state media predict a Russian economic contraction of 10% or more.
No one seems to be backing down. Tuesday saw the first meeting of the 40-nation US-led Ukraine Defense Consultative Working Group, which US officials say will now meet monthly to coordinate arms supplies. Following a visit to Kyiv the previous day, US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin paid tribute to Ukraine for standing fast against Mr Putin’s offensive.
Since the invasion, the United States and its allies have committed around $5 billion (172.3 billion baht) in military aid, $3.7 billion from the US alone.
According to experts from the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington DC, Russia may have now lost twice the 250 tanks it is believed to be able to build a year, while other estimates say it has used an even higher proportion of precision missiles and is now struggling to get the microchips for more.
Last month, a US official was quoted in the Washington Post saying that it was possible Ukraine now has more working tanks in service than Russia. The authorities in Kyiv, however, want more to push back Moscow in the Donbas, one of the reasons Germany’s willingness to provide Gepard tanks and antiaircraft weaponry is so important. Those new tanks, however, may require months of training and ammunition from Switzerland — not the only supply squeeze for Kyiv.
This week, Raytheon, manufacturer of the Stinger anti-aircraft missile, said it must now look to restart manufacturing to meet demand — but that shortages of key chips and components might delay that process. Other kit, however, is being rushed out. On April 21, the Pentagon announced a new $800 million support package would include a “loitering munitions” kamikaze drone dubbed “Phoenix Ghost” specifically developed by the US military for Ukraine in recent weeks. It did not provide further details, but other unmanned vehicles reportedly earmarked for first use in Ukraine include unmanned maritime vehicles previously unused in combat.
With explosions reported last Monday in Moldova’s breakaway Transdniestria region blamed by Russian-speaking separatists on Ukraine, the war may yet widen further — Russia’s military has declared its intent to grab Ukraine’s entire coastal strip. Ukrainian officials say the Monday blasts — which targeted radio transmitters — bear all the hallmarks of a Russian “false flag” operation to justify more military action.
For now, all sides seem to believe that they can win more than they have — with the next question whether that pushes Moscow’s calculus ever closer to the use of chemical, biological or small-scale nuclear weapons. The month of May could be critical.