Monkeypox is not another Covid

In just the past few weeks, at least 309 confirmed cases of monkeypox have been reported across Europe, Canada, Israel, the US and Australia. And that number stands to grow as surveillance expands, Maria Van Kerkhove of the World Health Organization recently said.

This is concerning, but no reason for anyone to panic. The global response to these case clusters is so far working as it should. Scientists are sequencing and analysing the genes of virus samples. Public health agencies are tracking down people who might have been exposed. Education efforts are underway to make healthcare workers and any vulnerable communities aware of the outbreak. And governments are preparing to deploy vaccines and antivirals as needed.

Nevertheless, the curious cases raise questions about why this transmission is happening now and who is at risk. Here’s what’s known so far:

Why now, monkeypox?

Scientists are scrambling to answer this key question. Two strains, or clades, of monkeypox are known to exist, and the one currently circulating seems to be the milder West Africa one.

In the past, monkeypox cases have typically arisen via animal-to-human transmission in Central or West Africa, where the virus is endemic. “It’s what we call a dead-end infection,” says Grant McFadden, director of Arizona State University’s Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy. “It can spread from human to human by direct contact, but the chain tends to peter out pretty quickly.”

This makes the current degree of human-to-human transmission concerning. One possible explanation is that the virus simply has had more opportunities to infect people. Routine administration of the smallpox vaccine, which also protects against monkeypox, was ended in the US and other countries in the 1970s. (The world was declared free of smallpox in 1980.) This means that a sizable chunk of the population has no existing immunity to monkeypox.

People born during the era of routine smallpox vaccinations might retain some protection, Mr McFadden says. Immune responses to the smallpox vaccine are known to be long-lived. But how well that correlates to monkeypox is an open question.

Several clusters of cases are concentrated in a community of men who have sex with men, suggesting that a gathering or event might have kicked off a chain of transmission.

Is monkeypox becoming more contagious?

Another theory for the rise in cases is that something in the virus itself has changed to make it more transmissible. Scientists already have several rough drafts of the viral genome taken from patients, including samples from Portugal, Belgium and the US, and are looking for any changes that might make it better at infecting people. Such changes are unexpected, because monkeypox is a DNA virus and therefore has a genome more stable than that of an RNA virus such as SARS-CoV-2.

So far, nothing unusual has been detected in the monkeypox gene sequences, says Gustavo Palacios, a virologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. However, researchers still need to do a deep dive into the more variable areas of the monkeypox genome before ruling out mutations that could change the virus’s behaviour.

One challenge is that researchers lack a good baseline measure on the transmissibility of this clade of the virus. Findings in the past few days, which have yet to be peer reviewed and are based on very limited data, nonetheless suggest the monkeypox virus’s R0 number — the number of people expected to be infected by a single case — at 1.15 to 1.26, low enough to imply that the virus can be kept in check by contact tracing, vaccination and isolation of infected people.

Does this mean everyone needs the smallpox vaccine?

Probably not. Unlike a respiratory virus such as Covid or the flu, monkeypox is primarily transmitted through close contact with an infected person. This means that public health officials will probably follow a strategy known as “ring vaccination”, which targets only people who have had close contact with someone who has been infected.

“When smallpox was eradicated, it wasn’t because the whole world was vaccinated; it was because they used ring vaccination,” says Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security at the Bloomberg School of Public Health.

It might seem confusing, then, to hear that the US keeps a stockpile of smallpox vaccines. But this cache exists to address the threat that someone might one day weaponise smallpox.

One more thing worth remembering: monkeypox, unlike Covid, has a long incubation period. So people can be vaccinated after they’ve been exposed to lessen the severity of infection. Unfortunately, that incubation period also provides a long window in which a monkeypox carrier can infect others. Just how long remains unknown, as is whether monkeypox can be transmitted in the days or weeks before an infected person’s tell-tale pustules appear.

This is why countries are being cautious. Belgium, for example, has guided the infected to isolate until their lesions have healed, and for close contacts to selfmonitor and avoid contact with pregnant people, children and anyone who is immunocompromised for three weeks.

How worried should we be?

After more than two years of Covid, people are primed to expect the worst. But the best advice is to be aware of monkeypox, not stressed. “Don’t worry — at least about this,” says Geoffrey Smith, a University of Cambridge virologist who specializes in poxviruses.

While the present chain of monkeypox transmission differs from earlier patterns, this clade of the virus is generally mild for most infected people (albeit with a long period of isolation and recovery). And, critically, vaccines and antivirals are available to address infections.

An assessment released this week from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control suggests that three groups should be the focus of education efforts: men who have sex with men, the immunocompromised and healthcare workers.

Raising awareness that the virus is circulating should help contain it. As Mr Adalja notes, some cases have been identified because an infected person sought help from a health clinic. Yes, there are uncertainties about this outbreak to iron out. But all the pieces are in place to study, treat and ultimately contain monkeypox infections.