China keeps tight control on money
WHILE WORLD’S SECOND-LARGEST ECONOMY IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS, ITS POLICIES ARE LIMITING OUTFLOW OF CAPITAL
hina’s doors to foreign investors may be opening ever wider, but that’s not enough for many worried about finding an exit.
Fourteen months after qualifying for official reservecurrency status, and after a series of steps opening up domestic markets to overseas funds, the take-up remains below estimates. For all China’s attraction as the secondlargest economy with large and expanding domestic capital markets, regulators’ efforts to tamp down on outflows of money have stoked concerns.
“There’s no return lower than not getting your money back,” Brad Holzberger, chief money manager of QSuper Ltd., an Australian pension fund that oversees the equivalent of $47 billion, said in an interview. “We’re worried about understanding the transparency of decision making — as well as property rights, rule of law, transmission of capital controls and those sorts of things.”
It’s another case of China’s conflicting goals, alongside the Communist leadership’s pursuit of both growth and leverage reduction across the economy. By taking increasingly aggressive steps to curtail domestic money from flowing abroad — such as more stringent vetting of cross-border transactions — regulators are effectively counteracting market-opening steps that have included allowing all types of medium to long-term investors into the interbank bond market.
In a sign of how far China has to go to stoke appetite for its assets, Australia’s QSuper is happy to put money into Brazil — an emerging market with a turbulent financial past that’s featured bailouts from the International Monetary Fund — but not China.
“There’s too much discretion by the policymakers, giving foreign investors a lack of a rule-based system,” said Shen Jianguang, chief Asia economist at Mizuho Securities Asia in Hong Kong, who previously worked at the IMF and European Central Bank. “It’s not a very favourable signal” to implement curbs on money leaving the country, he said. But “for Chinese authorities, the priority is to prevent a financial crisis”.
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange (Safe) actively protects the legitimate rights and interests of foreign enterprises, the agency said. Dividends and profits can be transferred without restriction, Safe said. Foreign-invested groups can also transfer shares and withdrawals from banks, with the authentic and complete documents required, it said.
Broader participation by foreign investors in Chinese markets could help balance its capital flows, offsetting moves by domestic funds and households to diversify some of their holdings overseas. That in turn could reduce longer term downward pressure on the yuan, which slid the most against the dollar last year in more than two decades.
In a chicken-and-egg situation, more balanced flows would also give regulators space to follow through on the goal set in 2015 to make the yuan convertible by 2020.
For now, while the inflow of foreign funds shows impressive growth rates, the data are flattered by low starting points. Relative to other big economies, foreign participation in China’s financial markets remains limited.
Overseas holdings of Chinese shares rose 41 per cent last year to 649 billion yuan ($94 billion) — less than half of what Norway’s sovereign wealth fund alone holds in American equities as of September. China has expanded access for global funds to its onshore equities, launching two stock exchange links with Hong Kong since 2014.
Bonds held by foreign investors climbed 12 per cent to 853 billion yuan last year, central bank data show. That’s little more than India’s stockpile of Treasuries as of November, and less than one-eighth of what China officially owns in US government debt.
Overseas investors in January were net sellers of Chinese bonds for the first time since October 2015, which was a month before the IMF gave approval to the yuan to join its Special Drawing Right basket of official currencies.
“The accelerated yuan depreciation in the fourth quarter and tightening capital controls are affecting overseas investors’ interest,” said Larry Hu, head of China economics at Macquarie Securities Ltd in Hong Kong.
Even so, some foreign investors see curbs on outflows as a worthy price to pay for currency stability. After what Bloomberg estimates as $1.6 trillion left China from 2015 through last November, the latest indicators suggest a slowing in the outflows. Foreign-exchange reserves fell $12.3 billion in January, the least since July, to $2.998 trillion, data on Tuesday showed. Along with dollar weakness, outflow curbs have helped the yuan rebound 1 per cent so far this year.
“More barriers on capital flows always make it more difficult for investors to know what the real price of the currency is,” said Rajeev De Mello, head of Asian fixed income in Singapore at Schroder Investment Management Ltd, which has onshore Chinese bonds among its holdings. “That’s what keeps the market calmer though. They don’t have too many policy choices right now.”
One concern De Mello does have is the cost of hedging his China holdings. Moves by China to squeeze speculation in the offshore yuan market, part of officials’ efforts to avert continual declines in the exchange rate, have involved big swings in money market rates, making it costlier to hedge.
The conclusion of Song Yu, the top forecaster for Chinese economic indicators since 2012: rising concerns about tightening capital controls are offsetting the benefits of policies encouraging foreign investment.