Peace talks make scant headway with Washington yet to make its position clear
The rout of rebels in east Aleppo was a defeat for US policy and it effectively left a vacuum of US decision-making
The vacuum in US policy on Syria is being keenly felt at the latest round of peace talks aimed at negotiating a political solution to the Syrian war — talks that seem destined to wind down this week without meaningful progress.
Five days into a round of discussions intended to take place between delegations representing the Syrian government and the opposition, government and opposition negotiators still have not met. Instead, the talks, due to end tomorrow, have become snarled in debates about procedures and process without yet addressing the major issues surrounding the remote possibility of finding a political solution to the nearly six-year-old war.
These talks, known as Geneva IV because they represent the fourth round of discussions aimed at securing a political settlement on the basis of a communique drafted in Geneva by the United States and Russia in 2012, are taking place against the backdrop of a new regional balance of power in which Russia has the leading role in Syria.
For the first time, the United States is no longer taking the initiative in pushing for a negotiated settlement. The rout of rebels from their stronghold in East Aleppo in December was a defeat for US policy as well as for the Syrian opposition, and it effectively left a vacuum of US decision-making on Syria that has yet to be filled by the new Trump administration.
Although Russia has since sought to position itself as a mediating power between the government and the opposition, there are growing questions over how much pressure it is prepared to put on the President Bashar Al Assad to make concessions, diplomats said. Russia’s veto of a US-backed United Nations Security Council resolution on Tuesday that would have imposed sanctions on the Al Assad regime for its continued use of chemical weapons has further exposed the gulf between opposition and Russian perspectives on the war.
“We all desperately need the US to engage in this and drive this forward with the Russians. The process is skewed in one direction. There is no other counterweight,” said a Western diplomat attending the talks, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the subject. “There is a vacuum here, and I am not sure the Russians have enough incentive to move forward to fill the vacuum.”
US diplomats have been present at the talks alongside representatives of European and regional allies. But until the Trump administration articulates its policy on Syria, participants and diplomats said, there is little reason for either the Syrian government or the opposition to make substantial concessions.
Contradictory statements
Both sides have been encouraged by President Donald Trump’s often contradictory statements on the Middle East to believe that the new administration may shift its policy in their favour.
His emphasis on the importance of fighting Daesh has raised hopes in Damascus that the US would drop its support for the Syrian opposition and join an alliance with Al Assad against terrorism.
As was the case in previous years, Bashar Al Jaafari, the lead negotiator for the Al Assad government, has stressed that the focus of the talks should be on fighting terrorism, not on a political transition from Al Assad’s rule that the US had demanded previously or the milder political reforms that Russia has been promoting.
The opposition is likewise optimistic that Trump’s pledges to roll back Iranian influence will translate into more robust support for the rebels than was the case under the Obama administration. Al Assad owes his survival in large part to Iran’s immense support, and backing Al Assad means empowering Iran in Syria, opposition figures argue.
Mindful that it has much to lose or gain from whatever the Trump administration decides, the opposition delegation has sought to be on its best behaviour. It announced ahead of the talks that it would not walk out — as it did last time — and it has agreed to discuss all the items on the agenda set by Staffan de Mistura, the UN envoy mediating the discussions.
“Our aim now is to continue with the political process to show Mr Trump we are serious about a relationship, about a political solution and about limiting the role of Iran,” said Nasr Hariri, head of the opposition delegation. “But if the US vacuum continues, I think Mr De Mistura will face a lot of obstacles on the way to a political solution.”
A review of US Syria policy is expected to be included in a broader review of strategy against Daesh ordered by Trump and due to be delivered to the White House on Tuesday.
“We do need to have a vision of how our military actions set conditions on the ground that actually then become the platform from which Secretary [of State Rex] Tillerson goes to Geneva to come up with a political solution,” Gen. Joseph F. Dunford Jr., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told a forum at the Brookings Institution last week.
Skewed balance
Whether a political settlement is even possible, given the current circumstances on the battlefield, is in question, however, analysts said. Russia’s intervention and the government’s victory in Aleppo decisively tilted the balance in favour of Al Assad, who is now in no danger of being toppled militarily by the rebels.
“Logically speaking, why would the regime give up something in Geneva that the armed opposition failed to gain militarily on the ground?” asked Jihad Makdissi, who leads a separate opposition organisation called the Cairo Group.
Given the obstacles, De Mistura set expectations low as he opened the talks last week, telling journalists that he anticipated no breakthrough.
“The Geneva talks seem to be something that everyone wants because they want to have talks,” said Aron Lund, a fellow at the Century Foundation think tank. “But no one really knows what they are going to say.”