Balfour Declaration continues to haunt region a century later
Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots in one line of 67 words that shocked the Arab world
The Balfour Declaration a century ago opened the way for the creation of Israel, sowing the seeds of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict that continues to tear apart the Middle East today.
The statement was made in an open letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour that was published on November 2, 1917, a year before the end of the First World War.
In one sentence it announced the British government’s backing for the establishment within Palestine, then a region of the Ottoman Empire, of “a national home for the Jewish people”.
It was a shock to the Arab world, which had not been consulted and had received vague promises of independence of its own in the post-war break up of the defeated Ottoman Empire.
The Palestinians have always condemned the Declaration, which they refer to as the “Balfour promise”, saying Britain was giving away land it did not own.
With the Balfour Declaration, London was seeking Jewish support for its war efforts, and the Zionist push for a homeland for Jews was an emerging political force.
Arab world divided
In 1916, Britain’s Sir Mark Sykes and France’s Francois Georges-Picot negotiated the post-war break-up of the Ottoman Empire and shared out the Arab world.
Palestine was to be placed under international administration. But Britain did not see this as in its interests. It wanted to turn Zionist aspirations to its own ends, considering that a Jewish state could assure a foothold in the Middle East. Balfour sent his typewritten letter, which had been approved by the cabinet, to a high-ranking representative of the British Jewish community, Lord Walter Rothschild.
It read: “His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
This one line of 67 words was a major victory for the Zionist chief in Britain, Chaim Weizmann. It was a shock for Arabs in the Middle East, neither consulted nor informed. Jews in 1917 represented only 7 per cent of Palestine’s population.
Birth of Israel
The declaration was put into action in April 1920 at the San Remo conference of First World War allies, which delivered a mandate on Palestine.
Approved in 1922 by the League of Nations, the mandate said Britain “shall be responsible for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home”.