Is South Korea’s alliance with US worth it?
It is time for Seoul to question the myth that its military and economic bond with America is sacrosanct
It was one of the grandest banquets my family ever held. My mother slaved for two days, even hiring a cook to assist her. Lacquered folding-tables, laden with our best dishes, were set up. Then the guests of honour arrived: Three American soldiers stationed in South Korea. As a child of around nine years old, in the late 1980s, I didn’t understand the event’s significance. Only later did I learn that it was common for South Korean families to host members of the American military in a show of appreciation. Women would set themselves to making their most succulent galbijjim (braised short ribs) and their crispiest mung bean cakes for our great defenders against the Communists up north.
It isn’t a strange custom considering what many South Koreans grow up hearing: The United States is South Korea’s oldest and staunchest ally; we need America for our protection; and it is only right to honour the Americans in return.
But when that partner turns ungrateful, and even unreliable, it is time to question the idea that the alliance is sacrosanct.
South Korea’s relationship with the US started as one of dependency. Korea was a Japanese colony until 1945. It became independent after Japan’s defeat in the Second World War, but the American military ruled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula until 1948. The Korean War broke out in 1950. The war turned in the South’s favour when the US made an amphibious landing near Seoul, cutting off the North Korean forces. Pyongyang was stopped but not fully defeated, leading to the division of the Peninsula.
The US could credibly claim to be the South’s saviour, the bulwark against a Communist takeover, and the subsequent signing of the mutual defence treaty in 1953 ensured an American military presence lasting to this day.
Contrary to how South Korean conservatives and some Americans frame it, the protection, while something to be thankful for, has not been free.
Housewives haven’t been the only South Korean women to toil for the pleasure of American soldiers in the ensuing decades. As detailed by Katharine Moon in her authoritative study Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in US-Korea Relations, the South Korean military dictatorship coerced women into sex work for American soldiers. Survivors testified to forced testing for sexually transmitted diseases and treatment while in confinement, all for the health and happiness of our protectors.
Then there is the Status of Forces Agreement, signed between the two nations in 1966 and renewed twice. It has been understood to grant the US military nearly exclusive jurisdiction over its personnel, such that even high-profile offences committed by American soldiers against South Korean citizens go unpunished.
Potential barrier
But the biggest cost of the alliance has been the erosion of South Korea’s sovereign spirit. There is enormous support among South Koreans for the US military presence, and it isn’t simply a reflection of national goodwill towards America. It speaks volumes about just how much South Korea has become psychologically dependent on a foreign army as a potential barrier against North Korea, despite an annual national defence budget amounting to about 2.7 per cent of its gross domestic product and a nearly 650,000-strong military.
Washington knows full well that stationing its soldiers on South Korean soil isn’t an act of charity. America offers protection, but only in return for influence over its lesser allies’ affairs.
Still, many South Korean conservatives consider any critique of the alliance blasphemous, even as Seoul finds itself being called a freeloader by US President Donald Trump. He has also demanded that South Korea pay for the American-made missile-defence system deployed here, which has had the effect of provoking Chinese outrage and economic retaliation against South Korea.
In the age of Trump, South Korea should look to an example set by another long-time American ally. German Chancellor Angela Merkel didn’t hesitate to say in May that Europe can no longer “completely depend” on the US. “We Europeans have to take our destiny into our own hands,” she said.
After being a dutiful ally for more than six decades, it may be time for South Koreans, too, to take their destiny into their own hands.