Tiny robot walks, crawls, jumps and swims — but it is not alive
esearchers in Germany have developed a robot that is about four millimetres long and looks at first like no more than a tiny strip of something rubbery. Then it starts moving.
The robot walks, jumps, crawls, rolls and swims. It even climbs out of the pool, moving from a watery environment into a dry one.
The robot prototype is small enough to move around in a stomach or urinary system, said Metin Sitti, head of the physical intelligence department at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart, Germany, who led the research team.
The robot has not been tested in humans yet, but the goal is to improve it for medical use — for instance, delivering drugs to a target within the body.
What is most unusual about the research, Sitti said, is that such a “minimalist robot” can achieve “all different type of motion possibilities to navigate in complex environments.”
Leif Ristroph, a mathematician at New York University’s Courant Institute who developed a small flying robot that mimics the motion of jellyfish, wrote in an email: “The array of behaviours and capabilities is certainly impressive and sets this robot apart from most others.”
“These critters are very cute!” he said. “Love how the authors put the little guy through mini-obstacle courses.”
“My other thought is that the pilot, who we don’t see, is also quite impressive,” added Ristroph, who was not involved in the research. “Clearly whoever is controlling the magnetic fields has gained some hardearned intuition and fine skills based on a lot of experience and trial-and-error.”
The research was reported in the journal Nature. Below are excerpts from a telephone conversation with Sitti.
What is the robot made and how does it work? Our robot is made of an elastomer rubber, which is filled with many magnetic, small particles. We programme the magnetic properties of these particles so that from outside, when we apply a magnetic field, the elastic sheath-shaped robot changes its shape to anything that we want.
Then it does all these different motions. When you look at this tiny thing crawling and jumping and all these things, it looks like a creature.
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Where do you see work on this new robot heading? Where will future versions go? One of the current major goals is to put this tiny soft robot into our digestive system or urinary system — and in the future, the vascular system — and for it to be able to navigate across all these complex tissues, surfaces which are fully filled with fluids or semi-filled, or no fluids.
If you look at the medical devices we have, the smallest ones are catheters, which are a millimetre in diameter, and they are always tethered. So our main goal in making tiny robots is to really access hard-to-reach or even not-possible-to-reach areas in our body with minimal invasion.
The robots already are small enough for our digestive system and urinary system. We’d like to go smaller, even down to tens of microns, so that we can reach almost anywhere inside your body.
And you think it could one day deliver drugs? One of the functions we have been exploring is how to deliver a cargo, which could be [medicinal] drugs, inside the body. There are different ways. With a shape change, we can grab the cargo and then deliver it by opening the shape.
The second way is we make a small pocket on the robot that only opens with a special shape change that we can control.
You were inspired by the movements of jellyfish and caterpillars and other animals? Basically, we took all these inspirations and merged them into one robot. That’s another scientific challenge we solved in this study: how you can combine the caterpillars, jellyfish and all these different, small, soft organisms into one relatively minimalist robot that can achieve all different types of motion to navigate in complex environments.
What if body? This version was not fully biodegradable as a whole robot.
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the One of the projects we’re working on is making a fully biodegradable robot.
In the end, the robot would be dissolved by the body, with no side effects and with no toxicity and no material that will cause any issues in the body.
That’s one of our major goals in my group. And that’s possible. I mean, we have elastomers fully degradable in the body. We have magnetic nanoparticles fully degradable in the body. It’s just a matter of integrating them.