In Lebanon, climate change devours ancient cedar trees
Forests thousands of years old under attack by tiny green grub that feed off young trees
High up in Lebanon’s mountains, the lifeless grey trunks of dead cedar trees stand stark in the deep green forest, witnesses of the climate change that has ravaged them.
Often dubbed “Cedars of God”, the tall evergreens hark back millennia and are a source of great pride and a national icon in the small Mediterranean country.
The cedar tree, with its majestic horizontal branches, graces the nation’s flag and its banknotes.
But as temperatures rise, and rain and snowfall decrease, Lebanon’s graceful cedars are increasingly under attack by a tiny green grub that feed off the youngest trees.
At 1,800 metres altitude, in the natural reserve of Tannourine in the north of Lebanon, ashen tree skeletons jut out of the forest near surviving cedars centuries old.
“It’s as if a fire had swept through the forest,” says Nabeel Nemer, a Lebanese specialist in forest insects.
Dead wood
In ancient times, huge cedar forests were felled for their timber. Egyptian pharaohs used the wood to make boats, and King Solomon is said to have used cedar to build his temple in Jerusalem.
But today’s culprits lie underground, just several centimetres below the tree trunk: bright green, wriggling larvae no larger than a grain of rice.
Since the late 1990s, infant cedar sawflies have been eating away at the forest in Tannourine, as well as several other natural reserves in northern Lebanon.
“In 2017, 170 trees dried up completely and became dead wood,” Nemer says.
Like their food of choice, cedar sawflies have been around for thousands of years.
They mate in spring and lay their eggs on the cedar tree trunks, where grubs hatch and feast on cedar needles. In the past, the larvae would then head back into the ground to hibernate for up to three or four years, before emerging again as adult sawflies with wings.
But a warming earth has disrupted this cycle, especially in the Mediterranean where “climate change is more intense”, according to Wolfgang Cramer, a scientist and member of Mediterranean Experts on Environmental and Climate Change (MedECC).
In a November report, MedECC said future warming in the Mediterranean region was “expected to exceed global rates by 25 per cent”.
As the ground becomes less cold and humid in winter, sawflies are now springing out of the earth every year, and in larger numbers. Their preferred victims are young cedar trees, aged 20 to 100 years old.
Temperatures in Tannourine have risen by two degrees Celsius in the past 30 years.