Who tore down the Berlin Wall after all?
It’s unfair to praise only Gorbachev or Reagan for their role in bringing down the Iron Curtain
Three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, German officials aren’t keen to show the US much gratitude for the country’s reunification. Some Americans are outraged, but it’s worth considering where the thanks are really due.
Last week German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas published an op-ed in 26 European newspapers, calling reunification “Europe’s gift to Germany.” He thanked protesters throughout Eastern Europe and the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, for ripping up the Iron Curtain — but only mentioned the US at the end, and only in the context of its technological competition with China.
Mass’s op-ed isn’t the only place where Ronald Reagan, who famously exhorted Gorbachev at an April, 1987 event in West Berlin to “tear down this wall,” gets left out. The city of Berlin has also withstood years of US pressure to honour him with a monument. The roles of Reagan and his successor, President George H.W. Bush, whom some analysts believe Maas also should have mentioned since German reunification took place on his watch, probably aren’t significant enough to merit eternal gratitude.
Reagan bravely defied the advice of his State Department by uttering the line directed at Gorbachev. But it wasn’t really up to Gorbachev to tear down the wall. In 1987, East Germany was still run by Erich Honecker, one of the most rigid, Stalinist Warsaw Pact leaders, who vehemently disagreed with Gorbachev’s liberalisation policies. Honecker was determined to stick to the old, repressive order.’
Honecker only lost control two years later as the impatience of East Germany to get rid of his regime became too great even for his closest party allies.
Overwhelming event
In reality, Reagan’s speech didn’t have any magical influence on East Germany’s collapse. Honecker, Gorbachev and Krenz were all overtaken by events. So was Bush in 1989. As the eminent US historian Frank Costigliola wrote in 1994, Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany had the greatest degree of control over the process — to the extent that it could be controlled at all, given the spontaneous upheaval that actually brought down the wall.
At two significant turning points — on November 28, 1989, when Kohl seized the leadership of the unification movement, and on July 16-17, 1990, when Kohl struck a final deal with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev — the Germans took advantage of circumstances to shape events largely on their own, and the United States had to adjust to the new realities.
The Bush administration’s goal wasn’t to help Germans reunite but to preserve American dominance in Europe, using the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation as a vehicle. Kohl and Genscher enlisted US support by submitting to that policy and used the Soviet Union’s de facto bankruptcy to get Gorbachev on board. But Kohl consulted no one before making a speech on November 28, 1989, in which he laid down his plan for the reunification against Bush’s warning 10 days before to avoid any such rhetoric.
It’s unfair to praise Gorbachev for his role in bringing down the Berlin Wall without mentioning Reagan or Bush — but only because it wasn’t his doing, either. The energy of the East German people who flooded through the gates on November 9, 1989, and Kohl’s subsequent leadership created an outcome that probably wouldn’t have been possible had the process developed in summits and negotiating rooms rather than on the streets.
This doesn’t mean, though, that Germans shouldn’t be grateful to certain Americans for what happened. There is one who especially deserved a line in Maas’s op-ed: Bruce
Springsteen, whose concert in East Berlin on July 19, 1988, was gatecrashed by more than 100,000 people without tickets in addition to the 160,000 who had them. The unprecedented loss of control on the part of East German police opened the doors to further street action.
And Springsteen also made a short speech — unlike Reagan, in German: “It’s great to be in East Berlin. I’m not for or against any government. I came here to play rock ‘n’ roll for you, in the hope that one day all barriers will be torn down.”
Throughout Eastern Europe, it was the people, not the politicians — and certainly not foreign powers — who won the Cold War. Maas was right to thank the Poles, the Hungarians, the Romanians, the Balts and the East Germany for their role. Those who, like Springsteen and other Western cultural figures, helped the people develop an appreciation for freedom, deserve an honourable mention, too.
■ Leonid Bershidsky is a political columnist who specialises in European affairs.