Why India might risk slower GDP growth
India has not delivered on its expected growth upswing although real gross domestic product (GDP) is currently rising at around 5.7 per cent. This still compares favourably with the emerging market average of 4.6 per cent (IMF forecast) but is not as robust as India’s growth in 2014 when the current government first came to power.
The cyclical momentum has flagged because of the short-term impact of the government’s reform measures. Going into 2018, the drag from these reforms is likely to persist. Furthermore, there is some reluctance to deal with the fiscal challenges facing India and at some stage in the future, either this or the next government will need to cut spending, reduce the budget deficit and bring down India’s public sector debt levels. Such actions can only weigh on future growth.
How did we get here?
Investors had previously expected sustainable growth in India at a rate faster than China. Such an outlook appears to have lost its underlying momentum, with Indian GDP growth at around 6.4 per cent in 2014 building to a brief peak at around nine per cent in early 2016 before entering a period of drift.
In Q2 2017, GDP growth was 5.7 per cent and recent industrial production, retail sales and business confidence indicators suggest that it could weaken further heading into the third quarter of this year. Private sector credit growth looks depressed and, as of June 2017, was only up 3.6 per cent year on year. This compares to an eight per cent average during the entire period of the BJP government.
It looks like the following factors are keeping a lid on growth:
1) The temporary disruptive impact of some government reforms such as the demonetisation experiment in late 2016. This forced the exchange of medium to large value bank notes to new ones, prompting a large part of the population to open bank accounts for the first time. It created a short-term impact on high-value retail sales and real estate transactions in India.
2) The implementation of a new general sales tax came into effect in July this year, replacing the swathe of different sales taxes across India’s states. Such an extensive change seems likely to have disrupted the activity of retail businesses in India, which had to adjust to the new accounting, reporting and payment practices associated with the revised tax structure.
3) State-owned banks have received continuous government and central bank encouragement to strengthen their capital base and recognise their non-performing loans. At the margin, this has probably made these banks more cautious in extending loans to the private sector. Despite media criticism of the Indian central bank
at some stage in the future, either this or the next government will need to cut spending, reduce the budget deficit and bring down India’s public sector debt levels
for keeping interest rates high and therefore squeezing growth, there is a strong counterargument as the central bank policy rate was eight per cent in 2014 and growth in consumer price inflation (CPI) was 4.6 per cent. Since then, CPI growth has actually fallen to 3.3 per cent (-130bps) and the policy rate has also reduced to six per cent (-200bps).
A fiscal millstone
The aforementioned measures are positive for the Indian economy in the long term because: 1. Demonetisation can help formalise economic activity and reduce tax avoidance; 2. The new sales tax reduces red tape for businesses; 3. Bank reforms are ratcheting up, with the government pledging to issue 1.35 trillion (0.9 per cent GDP equivalent) of capitalisation bonds to weak state-owned banks, encouraging them to speed up recognition and resolution of nonperforming loans. This should strengthen their balance sheets and position them to extend lending again. The bulk of new lending currently comes from unencumbered private banks.
The price to pay for these mea- sures is slower GDP growth in exchange for stronger and more sustainable economic progress in the future.
On a less positive note, fiscal policy in India appears somewhat neglected. In late 2014, there was some liberalisation of domestic fuel prices, meaning a cut in government spending on subsidies. In spite of this measure, the general government deficit in India (federal and state) was -7.2 per cent of GDP in 2014. Since then, little has happened to either boost general government revenue or cut spending.
The International Monetary Fund expects the general deficit to be -6.4 per cent of GDP in 2017. Total public debt is likely to be 68.7 per cent of GDP in 2017 — barely changed from 2014. This fiscal position looks unsustainable and at some stage, the government will need to take action or risk debt levels trending upwards. If and when fiscal consolidation starts, GDP growth in India could well be hurt.
The ruling government faces a challenging year ahead. Growth has lost a bit of its sparkle and the dividend from past reforms has not come through as yet. Furthermore, parliamentary elections take place in 2019, which may put the ruling party in a dilemma, i.e., hemmed in between wanting to take action to boost growth to win public support or pushing on with the reform agenda. The writer is an emerging market, macro and forex strategist at UBP. Views expressed are his own and do not reflect the newspaper’s policy.