The perils of Thailand’s labour
Expat women work without training or proper pay and fear lay-off if pregnant
BANGKOK // They toil and sweat high on scaffoldings. At night, they squeeze into shipping containers by the dozen with their husbands to get some rest.
They are female migrant construction workers, a rarity in most parts of the world.
The International Labour Organisation said in a report on Tuesday that more than 200,000 women from Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos work in Thailand, making up almost 40 per cent of the migrant construction workers in the country.
By comparison, fewer than 9 per cent of construction workers in the US are women, according to the US bureau of labour statistics. A 1990 survey found that among 49 developing countries, Thailand was the only one where women made up more than 10 per cent of the construction workforce. They work alongside men to smooth walls, lay bricks and carry bags of cement on Bangkok’s high-rise projects and railway digs.
But their large numbers do not shield them from the problems women in the workforce face around the world.
They are paid less and trained less. Their shipping container homes provide little security from rowdy male workers. Having a husband for protection is almost a prerequisite.
“Employers think of hiring women migrant workers as a ‘package’ with their husbands,” says Rebecca Napier-Moore, a co-author of the study. For many migrants working outside Asia, stringent salary requirements for family visas mean that young men tend to leave their families, working to feed mouths thousands of miles away in India, Pakistan and Nepal. But proximity and relatively porous borders allow Cambodians and Burmese to come together as a family to don hard hats in Thailand.
For decades, Thai law has required men and women to receive equal pay for equal work, but managers say that migrant women are paid less because they are less capable. Most women work as manual labourers, cleaning up the site or moving materials around, while men do more skilled work.
More than 70 per cent of the women surveyed earned wages as low as US$5.34 (Dh19.60) a day. Employers often do not pay on time and will ask employees to lie about their wages on their contracts to get away with paying below the minimum daily wage of about $8.40. “Men get paid more even when they have no construction expe- rience,” said one Burmese woman cited in the study. Some women, eager to earn more, stick around for hours of overtime every day and live in fear of getting pregnant.
“I use birth control pills,” said one Burmese woman. “I will not get paid if I am pregnant.”
Thai labour legislation provides for 90 days paid maternity leave, but many firms get around this regulation by sacking women if they are found to be pregnant. Companies skirt safety regulations as well.
Although construction fatality statistics are unreliable, the ILO estimates that construction in developing countries is three to six times riskier than in western nations. But although the dangers are high for both, some women reported that men had safety equipment training that women were excluded from.
The perils do not stop at chemical burns and heavy machinery. At night, women retreat to company- provided container housing – with clean water and electricity, but with dim lighting, thin walls, and no locks, prompting some to wire their doors shut, scared of the drunk men outside. Some rely on their husbands to keep them safe.
But the tough conditions have not stopped Cambodian and Burmese women from pouring into Thailand.
Many like the relative freedom of construction work, where unlike household cooks and maids, they are not on call 24 hours a day.
Unlike household cooks and maids, female construction workers are not on call 24 hours a day