ON BOARD THE VOMIT COMET

You’d better have a strong stomach: in space, everyone can hear you spew

Earth has a problem, at least if you want to train astronauts. It’s called gravity, and while useful for things like attaching your feet to the ground, it’s an inconvenience when you need to acclimatise people to weightlessness. So what do you do? If you’re a national space agency, you set up a special flight that takes advantage of free fall to simulate the weightless experience.

In order to simulate a feeling of weightlessness like astronauts experience once free of Earth’s gravity, the aircraft flies a particular flight path. It climbs at an angle of 45 degrees to altitude before nosing over and descending at 30 degrees in a parabolic path relative to the centre of the Earth, using just enough engine thrust to cancel out the drag of the aircraft moving through the air. During certain parts of the flight, the aircraft and all aboard it are in free fall and experience weightlessness. This begins while the craft is still ascending, continuing while it passes the peak of its climb and begins to descend, until the pilot is forced to pull up on the stick to climb again and avoid hitting the ground. For each parabola, passengers and crew experience around 25 seconds of weightlessness, and a flight is likely to carry out 40 to 60 such manoeuvres.

The idea goes back to 1950, when it was proposed by German brothers Heinz and Fritz Haber, a physicist and aerospace engineer respectively. They had been taken to the US as part of Operation Paperclip at the end of

World War II, where they undertook pioneering research in space medicine and worked with Wernher von Braun. Heinz would also collaborate with Shih-Chun Wang, a Chinese-American doctor studying nausea in astronauts for NASA, on the creation of the Vomit Comet.

The aircraft is a perfectly normal one, apart from having a large, open space inside for passengers to float in. Estimates for how many will be affected by nausea vary, with around 45 per cent suffering some symptoms. In space these rarely last more than 72 hours as the body adapts to its new surroundings. Blue Origin’s Jeff Bezos, speaking at the 2017 Space Symposium in Colorado Springs, claimed it wasn’t a problem for training flights: “[Astronauts] don’t throw up right away,” he said. “We’re not going to worry about it… It takes about three hours before you start to throw up. It’s a delayed effect.”

Former Reduced Gravity Research Program director John Yaniec gave a simple breakdown of who was most likely to vomit during a parabolic flight during a 1999 interview: “I don’t really keep any stats,” he said. “But it amounts to a rule of thirds: one-third violently ill, the next third moderately ill and the final third not at all.” Matt Gohd, CEO of the Zero Gravity Corporation, the company currently tasked with flying parabolic flights both for NASA and paying customers, disagrees, claiming the flights have only a “one per cent occurrence” of the worst symptoms.

“The only thing that I can liken it to is a really big roller coaster where you get some air time”

Emily Calandrelli