WINTER OPERATING TIPS

Instead of repeating winter driving advice that is available readily elsewhere, the following tips are based upon technical and legal considerations.

Keep your 12-volt battery charged fully wherever possible and switch off power-hungry accessories, such as heated rear windscreens, when not required.

Do not leave the engine running with the car unattended while you de-ice the windows; not only is it illegal but it also invalidates insurance cover.

Pouring boiling water over a frozen windscreen might promote cracking. Lukewarm water is preferable, but be wary of it freezing again quickly.

If the car will not start, operate the starter for around 10 seconds, then do not try again for at least a minute, to give the battery time to recover.

Do not rev the engine hard immediately following a cold start; the oil is thicker in cold weather which can take extra time to circulate and protect the moving parts.

Drive off as soon as possible after the engine idle speed has steadied. Neither rev the engine hard, nor subject it to full-load, until it has warmed thoroughly. Ideally, consult your oil temperature gauge, if fitted.

Never course through floods, because water can penetrate mechanical and electrical parts, such as the steering rack, electric power assistance motor, balljoints and wheel bearings, resulting in premature wear that continues long after the weather has improved.

Manual transmissions might be reluctant to select lower ratios at speed when cold, due to the natural thickening of the gear oil.

Always ensure that your windows and numberplates are clean and clear of obstructions.