Learn noise reduction essentials
In-camera settings save time in software, but there are some important considerations for maximum usefulness Most cameras have longexposure and high-ISO noise-reduction options.
For long-exposure NR, remember that the process will take as long as your actual exposure, so it might be best avoided for multiminute exposures, due to time constraints. Always test in-camera high-ISO NR to ensure a balance between reduced noise and detail retention, and tweak settings if necessary from within the custom settings menu on your camera. If used at bespoke levels, these noise-battling functions can produce clean images out-of-camera and on an image-specific basis.