Wing feathers

Primary: These are long, stiff feathers that aid in the generation of thrust and lift for flight.

Secondary: Shorter than primaries, more curved and broader, secondary feathers create an aerofoil shape, providing lift in flight.

Alula: Short, very stiff feathers sited at the ‘wrist’ joint of the wing, which can be moved slightly upwards and forward to aid flying at slow speeds or landing.

Tertial: Close to the bird’s body, tertial feathers are longer than the other secondaries. They act as a cover for a section of the wing.

Covert: These cover other feathers and help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail.

Tail: The tail feathers act as a rudder, providing control in flight and helping the bird steer.