Power sources
BATTERIES
The simplest power option for lighting is one or more batteries, ranging from the common 1.5V AAA or Aa-type cells to 9V PP3S, which are safe for use on miniature filament bulbs and LEDS. Suitable battery connectors are available to connect the power to the lighting circuit, making battery changes quick and easy. Batteries offer ample power to illuminate a small number of light bulbs and, generally speaking, produce a softer glow compared to the higher, constant output of a 12V AC or DC transformer. Due to their lower energy consumption, a greater number of LEDS can be powered from the same battery for significantly longer periods. Batteries offer the benefits of portability, simplified wiring and lower initial cost compared to a fixed, mains-powered transformer, especially when operating just a few lamps on a small layout or diorama. As the battery’s energy begins to wane, filament bulbs will grow gradually dimmer until the cell runs flat (LEDS will retain the same brightness, then cut out altogether). Higher powered batteries may be suitable for some sound effect units, depending on the amount of power required to drive the speaker and trigger the sound files. Again, reading the instructions of specific devices will reveal the possibilities. While rechargeable batteries keeps cost and wastage to a minimum, regular batteries can be an expensive option in the long run. There’s also the risk of leakage if batteries are left connected for long periods, or stored in cold, damp conditions (such as a shed, attic or garage). It’s also helpful to incorporate a master switch in the lighting circuit to allow the lights to be turned on or off at will, rather than pulling out or connecting the batteries repeatedly.