FLIGHT RISK: OTHER AVIATION ISSUES

FUEL

Modern airliners are increasingly efficient, and low-carbon fuels are coming to the market, but efficiency improvements aren’t keeping pace with demand — and electric airliners are still decades away.

POLICY

Aviation sits outside the Paris Agreement because it’s an international matter; carbon offsetting schemes are broadly still optional; and aviation fuel is largely exempt from taxes.

OTHER EMISSIONS

Non-CO2 aviation emissions include nitrogen oxides and contrails, which also have a warming effect.