Shooting Times & Country Magazine
Is this the end of the high life?
The move from lead to steel is likely to force Guns to rethink their range, says Mike Swan
In the early 1990s, when we had a voluntary phase-out of lead for shooting over wetlands, my old mate Charles Nodder and I had a little try with some steel cartridges out on the Medway mud. It was not very scientific, more a first dabble.
Being young and keen, we hit the road from Dorset at about 2am, with a view to being out on the Kent shore for morning flight. In those days, with wigeon and teal the main quarry, I usually used 28g lead 7s and my first 14 shots at dawn put five birds in the bag. From then on, I changed to steel, following the conventional advice to go up two sizes, and ended up shooting another 10 ducks, including a single pintail, for 32 burned.
If you do the sums, the cartridge to kills ratio goes from 2.8 to 3.2 to one, which is hardly significant.
Add in that two of the 32 were used to finish off wounded birds on water during the tide flight and you could only conclude that there was no significant difference.
But what about the high ones? Now, I will confess right here that most of those birds were not long
Certainly, when I have been involved in some range-judging exercises, most people have turned out to be much less consistent than they expect.
Whatever, it is true that steel is less dense than lead, so the frictional drag through the air will reduce pellet energy more quickly. Everything else being equal, a lead pellet of a given weight will fly a bit further and hit harder than its steel equivalent. But from a shotgun shooting point of view, everything is not equal. With lead being softer, it is more inclined to deform inside the barrel, potentially flying off at an angle, so steel patterns tend to be more consistent.
The golden pellet?
So let’s ask another question. How far is too far? Well, for me and for the Code of Good Shooting Practice, anything beyond the reliable range of a shotgun is too far. Add in operator error and that should be re-stated as anything beyond your ability to kill consistently. And here is a real question to consider: at what distance do you become inconsistent? Methinks that this is closer than we might believe.
An average team of Guns on decent pheasants or redlegs might expect to kill a bird for every three squibs fired, but what if it is one for five? Are they missing more often, or are those birds beyond reliable range? And what if that becomes one for seven or even 11?
Having shot for the pot all my life and dressed my own birds, I am convinced that instant collapse only happens when a pellet goes into the brain or breaks the neck. There is no magic cut-off where the pellets bounce off rather than penetrating. You can riddle the body with holes and the bird will not stop, although it may bleed to death after a couple of hundred yards if a pellet pierces the heart.
As we get to the limit of reliable range, we run into a long zone where it is possible to drive pellets deep into, or even through, a bird’s body without bringing it down. As one well-known coach and author said, many who shoot high birds are really relying on the ‘golden pellet’ that happens to hit the spot. What he failed to add is that there can be several other birds badly wounded for each one that falls correctly struck.
In this regard, I remember going to a famous high bird shoot to help lead a GWCT shoot walk a few years ago. On the recce in advance, the host showed me two very high drives that he had abandoned, because even
did not want to contemplate lead poisoning his quarry. I agree with him. My bigger concern with steel is that of slightly greater carcass damage if I let a bird get too close, not whether I can reach as far as with lead.
Suitable guns
In one sense, many wildfowlers were ready for change in the 1990s, because they were choosing semiautomatics as the workhorse for the shore and these guns were mostly built for steel anyway.
Most who regularly shoot high birds have modern, long-chambered and steel-proofed guns to throw a heavier than ‘normal’ load, so the tool is already there. If it has tight chokes, they may need opening out a little, but steel usually patterns more closely than lead, so there should be little difference.
Clearly, we will all need to be careful not to use high-performance steel loads unless the gun is suitably proofed, but as the gun trade has said many times over the past couple of years, anyone who is worried about using standard steel in case of damage to their gun should ask whether it is safe even with lead.
Experimenting
The conventional wisdom with steel is that, because of its lower density, we should go up two shot sizes, but I am not entirely convinced that we need to go that far. We all need to do a bit of experimenting to find out what suits and then build our confidence.
For those whose normal shooting would be with a standard game load of lead 6s, I would suggest a shot at the pattern plate with a similar load of steel 5s. If this looks acceptable, the next step is to have a few sessions at clays, before moving to the real thing.
I am convinced that we need to embrace this. Lead is a real
Achilles heel for shooting. We do great conservation, provide rural employment, deliver wonderful recreation for large numbers of people and generally enhance the countryside, but lead is a poison and our continued use gives detractors a stick with which to beat us.
This change is not the end of shooting as we know it. We might simply need to recognise slightly different limits, but we probably need to do that anyway.