Cutting edge
What weird and wonderful orbits might be possible around binary stars?
Although the vast majority of extrasolar planets discovered so far are around singleton suns, many of the stars in our Galaxy are part of binary or multiple systems. It’s much trickier to detect exoplanets in multiple systems (for example, the other bound stars completely swamp any sign of a companion planet), but there’s no reason to suppose that they’re not also pretty common.
There are three different kinds of orbit that a planet in a binary star system can remain stable within. The first is a ‘satellite-type’ or S-type internal orbit, whereby the planet circles one of the two stars. Astronomers have discovered around 50 confirmed exoplanets on S-type orbits, and in fact, we know of two systems where both of the binary stars harbour their own planet.
Or the planet could have a wide, circumbinary orbit around both stars in the middle – what’s known as a ‘planet-type’ or P-type external orbit. It’s even theoretically possible for a planet to be held within the L4 or L5 Lagrangian equilibrium point, co-orbiting with the smaller star around the larger star, which is comparable to how the Trojan asteroids sit within Jupiter’s Lagrange points in our Solar System. This third possibility is a special case and is calculated to only be
“Could a planet be nudged out of an S-type orbit around one star and into a stable P-type orbit around both stars?”
Capuzzo-Dolcetta and De Cesare found, unsurprisingly, that if the configuration was unstable the planet was much more likely to collide into the star with the greater mass (and thus the one with the dominant gravitational effect within the system) than the smaller one. They also determined the edge of the instability zone – how far away from the larger star an S-type orbiting planet was still stable – and found, for example, that if the companion star were 10 per cent of the larger’s mass the planet could survive on a wide orbit that reached almost half way across the system without being torn away.
But Capuzzo-Dolcetta and De Cesare also noticed something very interesting. In many of the instances where the planet was torn from its stable orbit around one star before being slung completely out of the system, it first moved on an outer orbit for a while. This got them thinking; could a planet be nudged out of an S-type orbit around one star and into a stable P-type circumbinary path around both (or visa versa)? When they ran the numbers they discovered that such an eventuality, although not very probable, was indeed possible. The finding raises the intriguing chance that somewhere out there right now is a planet hopping orbits.
was reading… Stability of Planetary Motion in Binary Star Systems by Roberto Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Giovanni De Cesare and Alessio Marino. Read it online at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.05412
was reading… Dragon’s Lair: on the large-scale environment of BL Lac objects
Read it online at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03318