Research reveals eyes respond to traumatic experiences
NEW research by Welsh academics in Cardiff and Swansea shows that a patient’s pupils can reveal if they have suffered a traumatic experience in the past.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur when a person has experienced a traumatic event such as a car crash, combat stress, or abuse.
They can be left with a greater sensitivity, or hyperarousal, to everyday events and an inability to switch off and relax.
The research, led by Dr Aimee McKinnon at Cardiff University and published in the journal Biological Psychology, looked for traces of these traumatic events in the eyes of patients who were suffering from PTSD by measuring the pupil of the eye while participants were shown threatening images such as vicious animals or weapons, as well as other images that showed neutral events, or even pleasant images.
The response of people with PTSD was different to other people, including people who had been traumatised but did not have PTSD.
At first, the pupil failed to show the normal sharp constriction that is caused by changes in light level – but then their pupils grew even larger to the emotional stimuli than for the other participants.
Another unexpected result was that pupils of the patients with PTSD not only showed the exaggerated response to threatening stimuli, but also to stimuli that depicted “positive” images, such as exciting sports scenes.
Dr McKinnon, who is now at Oxford University, added: “These findings allow us to understand that people with PTSD are automatically primed for threat and fear responses in any uncertain emotional context, and to consider what a burden this must be to them in everyday life.
“It also suggests that it is important for us to recognise that, in therapy, it is not just the fear-based stimuli that need deliberately re-appraising.
“If someone with PTSD is faced with any high-level of emotional stimulation, even if this is positive emotion, it can immediately trigger the threat system.
Clinicians need to understand this impact of positive stimuli in order to support their serviceusers overcome the significant challenges they face.”