Scientists discover tree rodents have evolved extra brain power
More grey matter enable squirrels to have better vision and motor skills to thrive in the wild – and fake burying food to fool their rivals, writes George Mair
THEY are renowned for their ability to access hard-to-reach food sources, and even craftily put on fake food burying displays to deceive rivals.
Now scientists have found squirrels and other tree-dwelling rodents have evolved to have bigger brains than their burrowing cousins.
This greater brain power has given them key abilities needed to thrive in woodland habitats, including better vision and motor skills, and improved head and eye movements, according to the University of Edinburgh study published yesterday.
The researchers studied how the brains of rodents – a diverse group that accounts for more than 40 per cent of all mammals – have changed since they evolved around 50 million years ago.
Few studies looking into factors affecting brain size in mammals have taken account of extinct species.
Previous research was also not able to reveal changes to the size of key parts of the brain.
The team used CT scans of skulls from 38 living and extinct rodent species to examine how the animals’ brains have changed over time. The data shows that rodents’ body mass, lifestyle and evolutionary history have affected the overall size of their brains and specific regions within it.
The relative brain size of tree squirrels has increased over time, driven largely by a sharp fall in their body mass.
Two key regions of the brain – including the neocortex, which is involved in vision and motor skills – also became larger in species living in trees.
The petrosal lobules, which help with stabilising eye movements as the head rotates and tracks moving objects, also increased in size.
It is understood enlargement of these regions has helped tree-dwelling rodents adapt to life in complex environments.
By contrast, these parts of the brain are smaller in squirrels’ closest living relatives – mountain beavers, which live in burrows – and some extinct rodent species that had a similar lifestyle.
This is likely because burrowing
rodents spend most of their time underground with little light, meaning good vision might be less crucial for them than those in trees.
Dr Ornella Bertrand, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Geosciences, who led the study, said: “Squirrels’ ancestors were at an important juncture 34 million years ago.
They were smaller than their closest extinct relatives, and there were far fewer primates living in trees than today, which opened up a new niche for them.
“When trees became available to them, squirrels’ ancestors seized the opportunity. This transition was a key evolutionary step for squirrels as it enabled them to acquire larger and more complex brains.”
The research, published in the journal Communications Biology, was supported by a Marie Skłodowskacurie Actions Fellowship, European Research Council, National Agency for Research and Development, Leverhulme Trust and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Scotland is home to just two of the world’s many squirrel species – the native red squirrel and the grey squirrel, which was introduced from
America in the 19th century.
Intelligent creatures renowned for their problem-solving abilities, gardeners often despair at efforts to prevent them feasting on nuts and seeds from bird feeders, while the rodents are also intelligent enough to store some of their stash for winter when food sources are scarce.
They are also known to stage elaborate burying displays to trick other squirrels or birds into thinking they have stored food in one location – while stashing the real hoard elsewhere.
There were far fewer primates living in trees than today, which opened up a new niche