The Herald on Sunday

Despite the failure of the Berlin Wall, many were built afterwards

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In The Herald every Thursday and Saturday own personal security. But to call it this way makes for a convenient defence of a policy they also know is little more than a land grab and indefensib­le in terms of internatio­nal law.

“If you want security for your house, you build the wall in your own garden, not in your neighbour’s,” I once recall a Palestinia­n shopkeeper telling me near East Jerusalem where the wall had cut his business off from the village customers who gave him a meagre income.

Researcher­s point to the fact that walls are interestin­g because they are physical and symbolic sites of inclusion and exclusion that mark the inside from the outside.

This inside/ outside is the guiding distinctio­n for internatio­nal relations in that it marks the difference between domestic politics and internatio­nal politics that is not only territoria­l but also social. “Inside” denotes safety, law, and sovereignt­y, while “outside” marks danger, violence, and anarchy.

Not surprising­ly, the answer to whether walls are in fact effective depends very much on whom you ask and what they are meant to do.

“Walls are not effective at stopping a

 ??  ?? ‘Ossies’ and ‘Wessies’, East Germans and their Western counterpar­ts, came together in 1989
‘Ossies’ and ‘Wessies’, East Germans and their Western counterpar­ts, came together in 1989

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