Glasgow goes fourth City set for change after ‘three extreme periods’
It’s a city that’s endured its fair share of ups and downs, but city urbanist Professor Brian Evans believes Glasgow may now be entering a ‘fourth era’ of fundamental transformation
FROM a city once at the heart of the industrial revolution to the crippling effects of the closure of the shipyards, Glasgow is a city that has endured difficult times more than most.
However, true to the city’s very own motto, Let Glasgow Flourish, it has reinvented itself on many occasions including a “renaissance period” starting in the 1980s with the Glasgow Garden Festival acting as one of the springboards.
The 1990s saw Glasgow become the City of Culture and other accolades followed, such as the City of Architecture and Design in 1999.
Now, as Scotland’s largest city negotiates its way out of the pandemic and looks to continue its recovery, city urbanist Professor Brian Evans believes Glasgow is entering a fourth era.
“In relatively recent history, Glasgow has gone through three quite extreme periods,” said Professor Evans, whose role with Glasgow City Council is to contribute to the city’s future development. “It went through a period of very rapid industrialisation at the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century shared with Manchester and Birmingham, but not with cities like Edinburgh and Aberdeen as their development has been slower and more measured.
“It then went through deindustrialisation and shrinking, which caused trauma to the city. The overspill programme took the best and the brightest out of Glasgow and moved them to new towns, and depleted Glasgow’s social and human capital. In retrospect, that’s been seen to have exacerbated the challenges Glasgow faced.”
Regeneration
HE described a third phase for Glasgow of regeneration and a renaissance period which began in the late 1970s and the 1980s. “It really kicked off with the housing association movement working with the tenemental fabric of the city, when we stopped doing a modernist redevelopment of the city and we started a heritage-led regeneration.
“This led into the Garden Festival, the Glasgow Action programme and the regeneration of the city centre, which led on to all of the other initiatives – the City of Culture,and City of Architecture and Design. Glasgow has become good at these ‘pacing devices’ and continues to do them well.”
Prof Evans believes that Glasgow has been very successful in repositioning itself in terms of its cultural and creativity offer, which the city has done exceptionally well and has been recognised internationally.
He added: “The other thing Glasgow has been very successful with is social housing, where for so long it had a major challenge. The modernist high-rise redevelopments were to some extent a knee-jerk reaction to some of the Government policy, but in recent years the city has been very successful in the field and is highly regarded outside of
Scotland in the UK and by bodies like the United Nations.”
‘Tipping point’
HOWEVER, it is the present day in which Prof Evans says Glasgow is now at a tipping point of moving into a fourth era. “I think we are really moving into a fourth era where we are having to address the post-pandemic issues,” he added. “We are having to address these at the same time as the climate emergency, and we also have to address the decolonisation of our agendas as well.
“On decolonisation, you’re seeing quite extreme reaction in some places about such as taking away the Cecil Rhodes [in Oxford] statue and [Edward] Colston’s statue being felled in Bristol. Glasgow has to address these issues as well, but with maturity and sensitivity.
We are really moving into a fourth era where we are having to address all these post-pandemic issues
“We have got these three forces happening at the same time. We are trying to deal with coming out of a global pandemic and at the same time we are trying to deal with all of the challenges that climate change provokes for our cities.”
While trying to move forward postpandemic, Prof Evans said there is a need to recognise that cities in the United Kingdom have a lot less power vested in the city authority than comparable cities in Europe on the Continent.
He added: “There is a lot more delegated to city authorities in many European countries that we look to and admire.
“What I’m saying is that we should really think about the powers that our cities have to be able to plan their futures in their own hands.
“Of course, that needs to be moderated by central government and international agencies, but that aside, if we are constantly looking at the likes of Copenhagen, Amsterdam and Barcelona, then we also need to recognise that those cities have delegated responsibility to be able to get on with a lot of things Scottish and British cities cannot do.”